Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
Hum Factors. 2017 Dec;59(8):1161-1172. doi: 10.1177/0018720817723428. Epub 2017 Aug 4.
A conceptual model is proposed in order to explain pilot performance in surprising and startling situations.
Today's debate around loss of control following in-flight events and the implementation of upset prevention and recovery training has highlighted the importance of pilots' ability to deal with unexpected events. Unexpected events, such as technical malfunctions or automation surprises, potentially induce a "startle factor" that may significantly impair performance.
Literature on surprise, startle, resilience, and decision making is reviewed, and findings are combined into a conceptual model. A number of recent flight incident and accident cases are then used to illustrate elements of the model.
Pilot perception and actions are conceptualized as being guided by "frames," or mental knowledge structures that were previously learned. Performance issues in unexpected situations can often be traced back to insufficient adaptation of one's frame to the situation. It is argued that such sensemaking or reframing processes are especially vulnerable to issues caused by startle or acute stress.
Interventions should focus on (a) increasing the supply and quality of pilot frames (e.g., though practicing a variety of situations), (b) increasing pilot reframing skills (e.g., through the use of unpredictability in training scenarios), and (c) improving pilot metacognitive skills, so that inappropriate automatic responses to startle and surprise can be avoided.
The model can be used to explain pilot behavior in accident cases, to design experiments and training simulations, to teach pilots metacognitive skills, and to identify intervention methods.
提出一个概念模型，以解释飞行员在意外和惊吓情况下的表现。
当前，围绕飞行中事件后的失控以及实施颠覆预防和恢复训练的争论凸显了飞行员应对突发事件的能力的重要性。意外事件，如技术故障或自动化意外，可能会产生“惊吓因素”，从而严重影响性能。
回顾关于惊讶、惊吓、恢复力和决策的文献，并将研究结果结合到一个概念模型中。然后，使用一些最近的飞行事故案例来说明模型的要素。
飞行员的感知和行动被概念化为受“框架”或先前学习的心理知识结构的指导。在意外情况下的性能问题通常可以追溯到对其框架与情况的不充分适应。有人认为，这种意义建构或重新框架的过程特别容易受到惊吓或急性应激引起的问题的影响。
干预措施应侧重于（a）增加飞行员框架的供应和质量（例如，通过练习各种情况），（b）提高飞行员重新框架的技能（例如，通过在训练场景中使用不可预测性），以及（c）提高飞行员的元认知技能，从而避免对惊吓和惊讶的不适当自动反应。
该模型可用于解释事故案例中的飞行员行为，设计实验和训练模拟，教授飞行员元认知技能，并确定干预方法。
