环境因素对儿童智商的影响。
Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children.
作者信息
Makharia Archita, Nagarajan Abhishek, Mishra Aakanksha, Peddisetty Sandeep, Chahal Deepak, Singh Yashpal
机构信息
Department of Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
出版信息
Ind Psychiatry J. 2016 Jul-Dec;25(2):189-194. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16.
INTRODUCTION
A child's intelligence quotient (IQ) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors that start from the prenatal period itself. There is a lack of data on the factors which influence IQ in Indian children; therefore, we conducted a multicenter questionnaire-based study to determine the environmental factors which influence IQ in Indian children.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional observational study, we recruited 1065 schoolchildren between the age of 12 and 16 years from 2 government and 13 private schools in 5 towns, 6 cities, and 2 villages across India. All the children were administered a questionnaire consisting of various environmental factors such as parents' education, occupation, income, and the physical activity of the students. IQ scores were assessed using Ravens Standard Progressive Matrices. An approximate IQ score was calculated using the score on the Ravens test. IQ scores were divided into three groups: below normal IQ (0-79), normal IQ (80-119), and high IQ (above 120). The data were analyzed using SPSS software.
RESULTS
In this study, it was observed that the environmental factors such as place of residence, physical activity, family income, parental education, and occupation of the father had an impact on the IQ of the children. Children living in cities ( = 0.001), children having physical activity more than 5 h/weeks ( = 0.001), children with parents having a postgraduate or graduate level of education ( = 0.001), children whose father having a professional job ( = 0.001), and those with a higher family income ( = 0.001) were more likely to have high IQ.
CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, we found that various environmental factors such as place of residence, physical exercise, family income, parents' occupation and education influence the IQ of a child to a great extent. Hence, a child must be provided with an optimal environment to be able to develop to his/her full genetic potential.
引言
儿童的智商（IQ）由从胎儿期就开始起作用的遗传和环境因素共同决定。目前缺乏关于影响印度儿童智商因素的数据；因此，我们开展了一项基于问卷的多中心研究，以确定影响印度儿童智商的环境因素。
参与者与方法
在这项横断面观察性研究中，我们从印度5个城镇、6个城市和2个村庄的2所政府学校和13所私立学校招募了1065名年龄在12至16岁之间的学童。所有儿童都接受了一份包含各种环境因素的问卷，如父母的教育程度、职业、收入以及学生的体育活动情况。使用瑞文标准渐进矩阵测验评估智商分数。根据瑞文测验的分数计算出近似智商分数。智商分数分为三组：智商低于正常水平（0 - 79）、正常智商（80 - 119）和高智商（高于120）。使用SPSS软件对数据进行分析。
结果
在本研究中，观察到居住地点、体育活动、家庭收入、父母教育程度以及父亲职业等环境因素对儿童智商有影响。居住在城市的儿童（P = 0.001）、每周体育活动超过5小时的儿童（P = 0.00工）、父母具有研究生或本科教育水平的儿童（P = 0.001）、父亲从事专业工作的儿童（P = 0.001）以及家庭收入较高的儿童（P = 0.001）更有可能具有高智商。
结论
在本研究中，我们发现居住地点、体育锻炼、家庭收入、父母职业和教育等各种环境因素在很大程度上影响儿童的智商。因此，必须为儿童提供最佳环境，使其能够充分发挥其遗传潜力。
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