State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Aug;24(22):18692-18698. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9620-2. Epub 2017 Jul 1.
1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D), metam sodium (MS), and dazomet (DZ) are widely used as preplant soil fumigants to solve soilborne problems. To provide a more scientific and accurate evaluation of 1,3-D, MS, and DZ toxicity to the earthworm Eisenia fetida, modified artificial soil test and natural soil test were studied. The suitable soil moisture to maintain over 90% survival of the earthworms after 4 weeks of treatment in an enclosed system for modified artificial soil test and natural soil test were 26.9 to 86.4% of water-holding capacity (WHC) and 66.2 to 84.3% of WHC, respectively. The optimal soil moisture levels for modified artificial soil test and natural soil test (75 and 55% of WHC, respectively) were finally used to evaluate the toxicity of 1,3-D, MS, and DZ on earthworms. Each desiccator with 10 earthworms and natural or artificial soil was stored at 20 ± 1 °C under constant light of 400 to 800 lx for 2 weeks. The modified artificial soil test showed LC values for 1,3-D, MS, and DZ of 3.60, 1.69, and 5.41 mg a.i. kg soil, respectively. The modified natural soil test of the fumigants showed similar LC values of 2.77 and 0.65 mg a.i. kg soil, except for DZ at 0.98 mg a.i. kg soil. The present study confirms that both modified artificial soil test and modified natural soil test offer standard methods for acute toxicity test of 1,3-D, MS, and DZ on the earthworms and scientific evidences for assessing the effects of soil fumigants on non-target organisms in the soils. Graphical Abstract Two novel acute toxicity test methods for soil fumigants on the earthworm Eisenia fetida.
1,3-二氯丙烯（1,3-D）、威百亩（MS）和棉隆（DZ）被广泛用作土壤预处理熏蒸剂，以解决土壤传播问题。为了更科学、准确地评价 1,3-D、MS 和 DZ 对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性，研究了改良人工土壤测试和自然土壤测试。改良人工土壤测试和自然土壤测试中，在密闭系统中处理 4 周后，保持蚯蚓存活率超过 90%的适宜土壤水分分别为土壤持水量（WHC）的 26.9%至 86.4%和 66.2%至 84.3%。改良人工土壤测试和自然土壤测试的最佳土壤水分水平（分别为 WHC 的 75%和 55%）最终用于评估 1,3-D、MS 和 DZ 对蚯蚓的毒性。每个干燥器中装有 10 条蚯蚓和天然或人工土壤，在 20±1°C、400 至 800 lx 的恒定光照下储存 2 周。改良人工土壤测试中 1,3-D、MS 和 DZ 的 LC 值分别为 3.60、1.69 和 5.41 mg a.i.kg 土壤。熏蒸剂的改良自然土壤测试显示出相似的 LC 值，分别为 2.77 和 0.65 mg a.i.kg 土壤，除了 DZ 在 0.98 mg a.i.kg 土壤中。本研究证实，改良人工土壤测试和改良自然土壤测试均为 1,3-D、MS 和 DZ 对蚯蚓急性毒性测试提供了标准方法，并为评估土壤熏蒸剂对土壤中非靶标生物的影响提供了科学依据。
