Slezakova Klara, Oliveira Marta, Madureira Joana, Fernandes Eduardo de Oliveira, Delerue-Matos Cristina, Morais Simone, Pereira Maria do Carmo
a LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química , Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.
b REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2017;80(13-15):630-640. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286931. Epub 2017 Jul 5.
The aim of this study was to determine levels and risks due to inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different educational settings, namely for 3- to 5- year-old and 6- to 10-year-old children. Eighteen PAH (16 priority designated by US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were simultaneously collected in indoor and outdoor air at two Portuguese preschools (PS1-PS2) and five elementary schools (ES1-ES5) from March to May 2014. Indoor concentrations at PS and ES were significantly different, with total levels (∑PAHs) 0.721-15.9 ng/m at PS1-PS2 and 5.03-23.6 ng/m at ES1-ES5. The corresponding outdoor concentrations were, respectively, 1.22-32.7 ng/m and 2.6-31.5 ng/m. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 2-3 aromatic rings were predominantly emitted by indoor sources, while compounds with 4-6 aromatic rings were mainly generated by infiltration of ambient PAH pollution to indoors. Excess lifetime risks of lung cancer exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) designated guideline of 10 in both types of schools (15-42-fold at PS; 15-52-fold at ES). However, total (sum of indoor and outdoor exposure) incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) were below the USEPA level of 10 at all studied institutions and thus considered negligible. Finally, ILCR due to indoor exposure represented 60-75% and 70-85% of the total ILCR at PS and ES, respectively, thus indicating the need for development and implementation of indoor air quality guidelines in educations settings.
本研究的目的是确定不同教育环境下（即3至5岁和6至10岁儿童）吸入多环芳烃（PAH）所致的暴露水平和风险。2014年3月至5月期间，在两所葡萄牙幼儿园（PS1 - PS2）和五所小学（ES1 - ES5）的室内和室外空气中同时采集了18种多环芳烃（美国环境保护局（USEPA）指定的16种优先污染物以及二苯并[a,l]芘和苯并[j]荧蒽）。幼儿园和小学的室内浓度存在显著差异，PS1 - PS2的总水平（∑PAHs）为0.721 - 15.9 ng/m³，ES1 - ES5为5.03 - 23.6 ng/m³。相应的室外浓度分别为1.22 - 32.7 ng/m³和2.6 - 31.5 ng/m³。含有2 - 3个芳环的多环芳烃主要由室内源排放，而含有4 - 6个芳环的化合物主要是由环境PAH污染渗入室内产生的。两种类型学校的肺癌终生超额风险均超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）指定的10⁻⁶的指导值（幼儿园为15 - 42倍；小学为15 - 52倍）。然而，在所有研究机构中，总的（室内和室外暴露之和）终生癌症增量风险（ILCR）均低于USEPA规定的10⁻⁶水平，因此被认为可忽略不计。最后，室内暴露导致的ILCR分别占幼儿园和小学总ILCR的60 - 75%和70 - 85%，这表明需要制定和实施教育环境中的室内空气质量指南。
