Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10028 Turin, Italy.
Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5618174. doi: 10.1155/2017/5618174. Epub 2017 Jun 7.
In recent years, immunotherapy has produced encouraging results in a rapidly increasing number of solid tumors. The responsiveness of bladder cancer to immunotherapy was first established in nonmuscle invasive disease in 1976 with intravesical instillations of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Very recently immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrated good activity and significant efficacy in metastatic disease. In particular the best results were obtained with programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, but many other immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, are currently under investigation in several trials. Simultaneously other therapeutic strategies which recruit an adaptive immune response against tumoral antigens or employ externally manipulated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes might change the natural history of bladder cancer in the near future. This review describes the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in bladder cancer and discusses recent and ongoing clinical trials with checkpoint inhibitors and other novel immunotherapy agents.
近年来，免疫疗法在越来越多的实体肿瘤中取得了令人鼓舞的效果。膀胱癌对免疫疗法的反应最早是在 1976 年通过膀胱内灌注卡介苗（BCG）在非肌肉浸润性疾病中确立的。最近，免疫检查点抑制剂在转移性疾病中表现出良好的活性和显著的疗效。特别是程序性死亡配体-1（PD-L1）和程序性死亡-1（PD-1）抑制剂取得了最好的结果，但许多其他免疫检查点抑制剂，包括抗细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4（CTLA-4）抗体，目前正在几项试验中进行研究。同时，其他招募针对肿瘤抗原的适应性免疫反应或采用外部操纵的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的治疗策略可能会在不久的将来改变膀胱癌的自然史。这篇综述描述了免疫疗法在膀胱癌中的应用原理，并讨论了最近和正在进行的检查点抑制剂和其他新型免疫治疗药物的临床试验。
