Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Aug;24(24):19733-19748. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9531-2. Epub 2017 Jul 6.
The authors dealt with some hazardous elements, i.e. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, contained in sands of the sandboxes localized in playgrounds of seven spas in southern Poland (CEE). The following determinations were made: the total contents of metals, the most mobile metals (water-leachable fraction) and the metals available to plants and organisms (CaCl- and EDTA-extractable fractions). The totals of the metals are below the upper limits of the values recommended for soils of the protected areas (type A). The mobility of the metals is low: the forms leachable with water range from 0.7% of the total content (TC) of Pb to 13.4% TC of Cd. The forms available to living organisms contain considerably higher quantities of the metals: from 2.3% TC of Ni to 22.6% TC of As in CaCl-extractable fractions and from 0.7% TC of Cr to 82% TC of As in EDTA-extractable fractions. An assessment of the health risk indicates that children are exposed to the metals present in the sandboxes mostly due to inadvertent swallowing of "dirt" from their hands. The highest are the HQ indexes of As and Cr, both for the 3-year-old permanent spa residents (5.74E-02 and 1.71E-02, respectively) and the spa visitors of the same age (7.47E-03 and 2.22E-03, respectively) and the 6-year-old residents (4.31E-02 and 1.28E-02, respectively) and visitors (5.60E-03 and 1.66E-03, respectively). The health risk indexes HI in the case of non-cancerogenic substances for children 3 and 6 years old are for spa residents, 9.59E-02 and 7.19E-02, respectively, and for children visitors, who are exposed to environmental factors for a much shorter time than the residents, 1.25E-02 and 9.35E-03, respectively. All the risk indexes have their values significantly below 1, which proves the lack of deleterious effects resulting from the exposition of children to the elements considered. The children of both age groups, exposed to the cancerogenic substances, are endangered mainly by As. The risk values of the cancerogenic As for 3- and 6-year-old children residents are 1.27E-06 and 1.90E-06, respectively, and for children visitors of the same ages 1.65E-07 and 2.47E-07, respectively. These values are significantly lower than a permissible level of "1∙10E-05" and means that also in this case, the health risk is minimal. The risk values calculated for the remaining metals are much lower and follow the sequence Cr > Co > Cd. However, an adverse impact of some sand-contained pollutants that are attributed to the motor traffic (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co and Pb) and low emissions (mainly As and Cd) has been established in the spa resorts in question.
作者研究了波兰南部七个温泉疗养胜地游乐场沙箱中含有的一些危险元素，如砷（As）、镉（Cd）、钴（Co）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）。进行了以下测定：金属总量、最易移动的金属（可溶水部分）和对植物和生物具有可用性的金属（CaCl2 和 EDTA 可萃取部分）。金属总量低于保护区土壤（A 型）推荐值的上限。金属的移动性较低：可溶于水的形式为 Pb 的总含量（TC）的 0.7%至 Cd 的 13.4%TC。可被生物利用的形式含有更高浓度的金属：从 Ni 的 TC 的 2.3%到 As 的 TC 的 22.6%在 CaCl2 可萃取部分，从 Cr 的 TC 的 0.7%到 As 的 TC 的 82%在 EDTA 可萃取部分。健康风险评估表明，儿童主要通过无意中吞下手上的“污垢”而接触到沙箱中的金属。砷（As）和铬（Cr）的 HQ 指数最高，分别为 3 岁常住温泉居民（5.74E-02 和 1.71E-02）和同龄温泉游客（7.47E-03 和 2.22E-03）以及 6 岁居民（4.31E-02 和 1.28E-02）和游客（5.60E-03 和 1.66E-03）。对于 3 岁和 6 岁儿童的非致癌物质，温泉居民的健康风险指数 HI 分别为 9.59E-02 和 7.19E-02，而对于仅短时间暴露于环境因素的儿童游客，分别为 1.25E-02 和 9.35E-03。所有风险指数的值都明显低于 1，这证明了儿童接触所考虑元素不会产生有害影响。暴露于致癌物质的两个年龄组的儿童主要受到 As 的威胁。3 岁和 6 岁儿童居民的致癌 As 的风险值分别为 1.27E-06 和 1.90E-06，而同龄的儿童游客的风险值分别为 1.65E-07 和 2.47E-07。这些值明显低于“1∙10E-05”的允许水平，这意味着在这种情况下，健康风险也最小。计算出的其他金属的风险值要低得多，其顺序为 Cr > Co > Cd。然而，已经确定，在有关的温泉疗养胜地，一些来自机动车交通（Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Co 和 Pb）和低排放（主要是 As 和 Cd）的沙箱污染物会产生不良影响。
