Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
Faraday Discuss. 2017 Aug 24;200:11-58. doi: 10.1039/c7fd00161d.
The term "Anthropocene" was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic-anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
“人类世”一词由保罗·克鲁岑教授于 2000 年提出，用于描述一个人类活动在全球范围内对地球产生前所未有的影响的时代。大气中人为排放物的大量增加反映了工业革命的到来，导致了低层和高层大气的显著变化。人为排放物和生物源化合物的大气反应对人类健康、能见度、气候和天气都有重大影响。对平流层有特别大影响的两项活动是化石燃料燃烧和农业，这两项活动都与人口的迅速增长有关。由于土地利用的改变，排放也在发生变化。本文描述了与人类世有关的一些平流层化学，重点介绍了存在较大不确定性的领域。这些领域包括非均相化学，如氮氧化物和新烟碱类杀虫剂的反应、液相间的反应、有机氧化和颗粒形成、人类世中硫化合物的作用以及生物-人为相互作用。清晰而定量地了解排放物、反应、沉积和大气成分之间的联系，是制定适当的、具有成本效益的策略来最小化人为活动影响的核心。人类世中排放物的演变性质使大气化学成为决定未来人类健康和福利的关键。
