Lee Jin Heon, Lee Chae Kwan, Suh Chun-Hui, Kang Hee-Sook, Hong Choon-Pyo, Choi Suk-Nam
Departmentof Environmental Education, College of Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, South Korea.
Departmentof Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medical & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, 47392, South Korea.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Aug;220(6):1046-1054. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jun 24.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous contaminants found worldwide, including in South Korea. As a result, they are frequently detected in Koreans. However, there is limited representative data and information on potential sources in Korea. Therefore, we measured the serum concentrations of ten PFASs in nationally representative samples of the Korean population (n=1874, 18-69 years) and evaluated the factors associated with their exposure. Serum PFOS, PFDA, PFOA, and PFNA were detected in nearly all participants (83.1-99.9%). However, serum PFPA, PFHxA, and PFHpA were almost undetected (<0.5% of participants). PFOS had the highest population-weighted geometric mean of 10.23ng/mL (95% CI: 9.99-10.47), which was followed by PFOA with 2.85ng/mL (95% CI: 2.73-2.97) and PFDA with 2.17ng/mL (95% CI: 2.12-2.23). PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS concentrations were higher in males (p<0.001) and older adults (p<0.001). PFNA was higher in those who used wax, polish, and water-resistant materials (adjusted proportional change=1.14; 95% CI: 1.08-1.22), and those who ate cooked fish (1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.31) compared to those who ate nearly no fish. PFDA was higher in those who used herbicides and pesticides (1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09), those who drank beverages in a plastic bag on a daily basis (1.10; 95% CI: 1.03-1.19), and those who ate raw fish (1.15; 95% CI: 1.03-1.29) or cooked fish (1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.23) compared to those who ate nearly no fish. PFHxS was higher in those who used traditional Korean health supplement foods (1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15). PFOA was higher in those who used plastic wrap in a microwave daily or weekly (1.08; 95% CI: 1.00-1.16), and those who used disposable paper cups (1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). PFOS was lower in underweight participants (0.84; 95%CI: 0.75-0.93) compared to those who were obese, and higher in those who exercised regularly (1.08; 95% CI: 1.03-1.14) or irregularly (1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12) compared to those who did not exercise. Subjects who used severely damaged Teflon appliances had lower concentrations of PFOA (0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.95), while regular use of Gore-Tex goods was related to higher PFNA (1.15, 95% CI: 1.03-1.28) and PFDA (1.11; 95% CI: 1.02-1.20) levels. These findings suggest that most Koreans are frequently exposed to PFASs, and that serum concentrations of PFASs vary with age, sex, and exposure factors.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）是在全球范围内普遍存在的污染物，在韩国也有发现。因此，韩国人身上经常能检测到这些物质。然而，关于韩国潜在来源的代表性数据和信息有限。因此，我们测量了韩国具有全国代表性样本（n = 1874，18 - 69岁）中十种PFASs的血清浓度，并评估了与其暴露相关的因素。几乎所有参与者（83.1 - 99.9%）的血清中都检测到了全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟癸酸（PFDA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟萘酸（PFNA）。然而，血清中的全氟戊酸（PFPA）、全氟己酸（PFHxA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）几乎未被检测到（<0.5%的参与者）。PFOS的人群加权几何平均值最高，为10.23ng/mL（95%置信区间：9.99 - 10.47），其次是PFOA，为2.85ng/mL（95%置信区间：2.73 - 2.97），PFDA为2.17ng/mL（95%置信区间：2.12 - 2.23）。男性（p<0.001）和老年人（p<0.001）的PFNA、PFDA、全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）、PFOA和PFOS浓度较高。与几乎不吃鱼的人相比，使用蜡、擦亮剂和防水材料的人（调整后比例变化 = 1.14；95%置信区间：1.08 - 1.22）以及食用熟鱼的人（1.16；95%置信区间：1.03 - 1.31）的PFNA更高。与几乎不吃鱼的人相比，使用除草剂和杀虫剂的人（1.05；95%置信区间：1.02 - 1.09）、每天用塑料袋喝饮料的人（1.10；95%置信区间：1.03 - 1.19）以及食用生鱼（1.15；95%置信区间：1.03 - 1.29）或熟鱼（1.13；95%置信区间：1.05 - 1.23）的人的PFDA更高。使用传统韩国健康补充食品的人PFHxS更高（1.08；95%置信区间：1.01 - 1.15）。每天或每周在微波炉中使用保鲜膜的人以及使用一次性纸杯的人PFOA更高（1.08；95%置信区间：1.00 - 1.16），使用一次性纸杯的人（1.07；95%置信区间：1.01 - 1.13）。与肥胖者相比，体重过轻的参与者的PFOS较低（0.84；95%置信区间：0.75 - 0.93），与不运动的人相比，经常运动（1.08；95%置信区间：1.03 - 1.14）或不定期运动（1.06，95%置信区间：1.01 - 1.12）的人的PFOS更高。使用严重损坏的特氟龙器具的受试者PFOA浓度较低（0.78，95%置信区间：0.65 - 0.95），而经常使用戈尔特斯产品与较高的PFNA（1.15，95%置信区间：1.03 - 1.28）和PFDA（1.11；95%置信区间：1.02 - 1.20）水平相关。这些发现表明，大多数韩国人经常接触PFASs，并且PFASs的血清浓度随年龄、性别和暴露因素而变化。
