Pane Alexander M, Harmon-Threatt Alexandra N
School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 255 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA.
Appl Plant Sci. 2017 Jun 9;5(6). doi: 10.3732/apps.1700007. eCollection 2017 Jun.
Emergence tents are a new tool used to understand nesting ecology of ground nesting bee species. However, many questions remain about how to use tents effectively. We assessed (a) variance in tent capture rates over time, (b) the effects of site characteristics on proportion of tents capturing bees, and (c) the effect of soil characteristics on nest site choice.
Emergence tents were placed out for one week in May, June, and August and checked daily. Soil, bee, and floral characteristics were recorded.
Across all sites and months the average number of tents capturing bees was less than 20% during one week of sampling, but this varied between sites. Tent captures decreased after 48 h deployment, but accumulation differed seasonally, with slower accumulation of total bees caught in May than in June or August. Although capture rates were not affected by bee or floral abundance, soil moisture beneath a tent influenced where bees were captured.
Effective use of emergence tents may require adjusting the length of deployment depending on season and will require a minimum of 48 h installation to help maximize efficacy. The overall low capture rates demonstrate the need to optimize emergence tent use.
羽化帐篷是用于了解地面筑巢蜜蜂物种筑巢生态学的一种新工具。然而，关于如何有效使用帐篷仍存在许多问题。我们评估了（a）帐篷捕获率随时间的变化，（b）场地特征对捕获蜜蜂的帐篷比例的影响，以及（c）土壤特征对巢穴选址的影响。
羽化帐篷于5月、6月和8月放置一周，并每天进行检查。记录土壤、蜜蜂和花卉特征。
在所有场地和月份中，在一周的采样期间，捕获蜜蜂的帐篷平均数量不到20%，但不同场地之间存在差异。帐篷在部署48小时后捕获量下降，但积累情况存在季节性差异，5月捕获的蜜蜂总数积累速度比6月或8月慢。虽然捕获率不受蜜蜂或花卉数量的影响，但帐篷下方的土壤湿度会影响蜜蜂被捕获的位置。
有效使用羽化帐篷可能需要根据季节调整部署时间，并且至少需要安装48小时以帮助最大限度地提高效率。总体较低的捕获率表明需要优化羽化帐篷的使用。
