UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et risque, 97408 Saint-Denis, Réunion, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 31;607-608:271-280. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.240. Epub 2017 Jul 27.
Recycling organic waste products in agriculture is a potential route for the dispersion of pharmaceutical residues in the environment. In this study, the concentrations of thirteen pharmaceuticals and the personal care product triclosan (PPCPs) were determined in different environmental matrices from long-term experimental fields amended with different organic waste products (OWPs), including sludge, composted sludge with green wastes, livestock effluents and composted urban wastes applied at usual agricultural rates. PPCP concentrations were different in OWPs, varying from a few micrograms to milligrams per kilogram dry matter or per litre for slurry. OWPs from sludge or livestock effluents primarily contained antibiotics, whereas composted urban wastes primarily contained anti-inflammatory compounds. PPCP contents in soils amended for several years were less than a few micrograms per kilogram. The most persistent compounds (fluoroquinolones, carbamazepine) were quantified or detected in soils amended with sludge or composted sludge. In soils amended with composted municipal solid waste, carbamazepine was quantified, and fluoroquinolones, ibuprofen and diclofenac were sometimes detected. The small increases in fluoroquinolones and carbamazepine in soils after individual OWP applications were consistent with the fluxes from the applied OWP. The measured concentrations of pharmaceuticals in soil after several successive OWP applications were lower than the predicted concentrations because of degradation, strong sorption to soil constituents and/or leaching. Dissipation half-lives (DT) were approximately 750-2500, 900 and <300days for fluoroquinolones, carbamazepine and ibuprofen, respectively, in temperate soils and <350 and <80days for fluoroquinolones and doxycycline, respectively, in tropical soils. Detection frequencies in soil leachates were very low (below 7%), and concentrations ranged from the limits of detection (0.002-0.03μg/L) and exceptionally to 0.27μg/L. The most frequently detected pharmaceuticals were carbamazepine and ibuprofen. Based on the risk quotient, the estimated ecotoxicological risks for different soil organisms were low.
农业中有机废物的再利用是药物残留向环境中扩散的一个潜在途径。在这项研究中，在长期实验田中，不同的有机废物（OWP）（包括污泥、与绿肥混合的堆肥污泥、牲畜废水和按常规农业用量施用的城市堆肥）被添加到不同的环境基质中，测定了 13 种药物和个人护理产品三氯生（PPCP）的浓度。OWP 中的 PPCP 浓度不同，从几微克到每千克干物质或每升泥浆中的毫克不等。污泥或牲畜废水中的 OWP 主要含有抗生素，而城市堆肥中的 OWP 主要含有抗炎化合物。几年时间内，土壤中的 PPCP 含量都低于每千克几微克。在添加了污泥或堆肥污泥的土壤中，含量最多的持久性化合物（氟喹诺酮类、卡马西平）被定量或检测到。在添加了城市堆肥的土壤中，检测到了卡马西平，有时还检测到了氟喹诺酮类、布洛芬和双氯芬酸。在单独添加 OWP 后，土壤中氟喹诺酮类和卡马西平的小幅度增加与从施用的 OWP 中获得的通量一致。在连续施用几种 OWP 后，土壤中测量到的药物浓度低于预测浓度，这是因为降解、对土壤成分的强烈吸附和/或淋溶。在温带土壤中，氟喹诺酮类和卡马西平的消散半衰期（DT）分别约为 750-2500 和 900-<300 天，而在热带土壤中，氟喹诺酮类和强力霉素的 DT 分别约为<350 和<80 天。土壤浸出液中的检测频率非常低（低于 7%），浓度范围从检测限（0.002-0.03μg/L）到 0.27μg/L 不等。最常检测到的药物是卡马西平和布洛芬。根据风险商数，不同土壤生物的估计生态毒性风险较低。
