Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China.
Department of gastroenterology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2018;18(4):347-354. doi: 10.2174/1568009617666170710120311.
Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted by various types of cells, known to mediate signal transduction between cells. During recent years, novel carriers for the delivery of targeted drugs, chemotherapy drugs and RNAs are under development, which is believed to be beneficial for patients. Considering issues of drug nano-formulations in bloodstream, such as nano-toxicity and rapid clearance by mononuclear phagocyte system, exosomes derived from either patient's cells or bodyfluids, seem to be an optimal option. This review presents the current patterns of drug-loaded into exosomes and discusses how exosomes were reconstructed for targeted therapy. Loading either exosomes directly or their donor cells is an alternative, including incubation, electroporation, transfection of exosomes or transfection, incubation, activation of the parent cells. To solve the low efficiency of cargo loading into exosomes, protein loading via optically reversible protein-protein interaction can realize a novel exosomal protein carrier. In addition, targeted therapeutics with exosomes is achieved by three means, via adding targeting peptides into the surface of exosomes, by transferring specific genes within exosomes into tumors to establish a therapeutic target and, lastly, by targeting at exosomes containing tumor associated antigens. Nevertheless, purification and mass production of exosomes need further exploration, as well as more approaches were applied to targeted therapy. Therefore, exosomes could serve as an effective tool for drug delivery and targeted therapy.
外泌体是由各种类型的细胞分泌的小囊泡，被认为在细胞间介导信号转导。近年来，新型靶向药物、化疗药物和 RNA 的递送载体正在开发中，这被认为对患者有益。考虑到药物纳米制剂在血液中的问题，如纳米毒性和单核吞噬细胞系统的快速清除，源自患者细胞或体液的外泌体似乎是一种理想的选择。本文综述了载药外泌体的现状，并探讨了如何重建外泌体进行靶向治疗。直接载药或载药供体细胞是一种选择，包括孵育、电穿孔、外泌体转染或转染、孵育、亲代细胞的激活。为了解决货物载入外泌体的效率低的问题，可以通过光可逆的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用来实现新型的外泌体蛋白载体。此外，通过向外泌体表面添加靶向肽、将特定基因转移到外泌体中以建立治疗靶点以及靶向含有肿瘤相关抗原的外泌体，实现了外泌体的靶向治疗。然而，外泌体的纯化和大规模生产仍需要进一步探索，同时也需要更多的方法应用于靶向治疗。因此，外泌体可以作为一种有效的药物递送和靶向治疗工具。
