School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 31;607-608:403-412. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.268. Epub 2017 Jul 27.
This paper is the second in a series of two papers. In Paper I, a decision support tool (DST), FitWater, was developed for evaluating the potential of wastewater treatment (WWT) trains for various water reuse applications. In the present paper, the proposed DST has been tested and implemented. FitWater has been tested with several existing WWT plants in Canada and the USA, demonstrating FitWater's effectiveness in estimating life cycle cost (LCC), health risk, and energy use. FitWater has also been implemented in a newly planned neighbourhood in the Okanagan Valley (BC, Canada) by developing 12 alternative WWT trains for water reuse in lawn and public parks irrigation. The results show that FitWater can effectively rank WWT train alternatives based on LCC, health risk, amount of reclaimed water, energy use, and carbon emissions. Moreover, functions have been developed for the variation of unit annualized LCC and energy intensity per unit log removal of microorganisms in different treatment technologies with varying plant capacities. The functions have power relations, showing the economies of scale. FitWater can be applied to identify a cost-effective, risk-acceptable, and energy efficient wastewater treatment train with a plant capacity of 500m/day or more. Furthermore, FitWater can be used to assess potential economic impacts of developing microbiologically stringent effluent standards. The capability of FitWater can be enhanced by including physio-chemical quality of wastewater, additional treatment technologies, and carbon emissions from wastewater decomposition processes.
本文是两系列论文中的第二篇。在论文 I 中，开发了一种决策支持工具（DST）FitWater，用于评估各种废水处理（WWT）工艺的潜在水再利用应用。在本论文中，对所提出的 DST 进行了测试和实施。FitWater 已经在加拿大和美国的几个现有 WWT 工厂进行了测试，证明了其在估计生命周期成本（LCC）、健康风险和能源使用方面的有效性。通过为不列颠哥伦比亚省奥肯那根谷（BC，加拿大）的一个新规划社区开发 12 种用于草坪和公共公园灌溉的水再利用替代 WWT 工艺，FitWater 已经得到了实施。结果表明，FitWater 可以根据 LCC、健康风险、再生水的数量、能源使用和碳排放有效地对 WWT 工艺替代方案进行排序。此外，还为不同处理技术中单位年度化 LCC 和每单位微生物对数去除的能源强度随工厂容量变化的变化开发了功能。这些功能具有幂函数关系，显示出规模经济。FitWater 可用于确定具有 500m³/天或更高的工厂容量的经济高效、风险可接受且节能的废水处理工艺。此外，FitWater 可用于评估制定微生物严格排放标准的潜在经济影响。通过包括废水的理化质量、额外的处理技术以及废水分解过程中的碳排放，可以增强 FitWater 的功能。
