Hansen Andi H, Duellberg Christian, Mieck Christine, Loose Martin, Hippenmeyer Simon
Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Jun 28;11:176. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00176. eCollection 2017.
The human cerebral cortex is the seat of our cognitive abilities and composed of an extraordinary number of neurons, organized in six distinct layers. The establishment of specific morphological and physiological features in individual neurons needs to be regulated with high precision. Impairments in the sequential developmental programs instructing corticogenesis lead to alterations in the cortical cytoarchitecture which is thought to represent the major underlying cause for several neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases. In this review article we discuss the role of cell polarity at sequential stages during cortex development. We first provide an overview of morphological cell polarity features in cortical neural stem cells and newly-born postmitotic neurons. We then synthesize a conceptual molecular and biochemical framework how cell polarity is established at the cellular level through a break in symmetry in nascent cortical projection neurons. Lastly we provide a perspective how the molecular mechanisms applying to single cells could be probed and integrated in an and tissue-wide context.
人类大脑皮层是我们认知能力的所在之处，由数量惊人的神经元组成，这些神经元组织成六个不同的层。单个神经元中特定形态和生理特征的建立需要高精度的调节。指导皮质发生的连续发育程序中的损伤会导致皮质细胞结构的改变，而皮质细胞结构被认为是包括神经发育和精神疾病在内的几种神经系统疾病的主要潜在原因。在这篇综述文章中，我们讨论了细胞极性在皮层发育的连续阶段中的作用。我们首先概述了皮质神经干细胞和新生有丝分裂后神经元中的形态细胞极性特征。然后，我们综合了一个概念性的分子和生化框架，即细胞极性如何通过新生皮质投射神经元的对称性破坏在细胞水平上建立。最后，我们提供了一个视角，即如何在个体和组织范围内探究和整合应用于单个细胞的分子机制。
