Denzer-Lippmann Melanie Y, Bachlechner Stephan, Wielopolski Jan, Fischer Marie, Buettner Andrea, Doerfler Arndt, Schöfl Christof, Münch Gerald, Kornhuber Johannes, Thürauf Norbert
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany.
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2017 Jun 28;8:1031. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01031. eCollection 2017.
Stomach distension and energy per time are factors influencing satiety. Moreover, different rates of nutrient intake induce different stomach distension. The goal of our studies was to elucidate the influence of different oral rates of nutrient intake (normal rate versus slow intervalled rate; study I) and intravenous low rate macronutrient application (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo (study II) on psychophysical function. The pilot studies investigated the effects of 1) study I: a mixed nutrient solution (1/3 protein, 1/3 fat, 1/3 carbohydrates) 2) study II: intravenous macronutrient infusions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo on psychophysical function (mood, hunger, food craving, alertness, smell intensity ratings and hedonic ratings) in human subjects. In study I 10 male subjects (age range: 21-30 years) completed the study protocol participating in both test conditions and in study II 20 male subjects (age range: 19-41 years) completed the study protocol participating in all test conditions. Additionally, metabolic function was analyzed and cognitive and olfactory tests were conducted twice starting 100 min before the beginning of the intervention and 240 min after. Psychophysical (mood, hunger, fat-, protein-, carbohydrate-, sweets- and vegetable-craving), alertness and metabolic function tests were performed seven times on each examination day. Greater effects on hunger and food cravings were observed for normal rate of intake compared to slow intervalled rate of intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application. Our findings potentially confirm that volume of the food ingested and a higher rate of energy per time contribute to satiety during normal rate of food intake, while slow intervalled rate of food intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application showed no effects on satiation. Our results motivate the view that a certain amount of volume of the food ingested and a certain energy per time ratio are necessary to reduce hunger and food craving.
胃胀和每次摄入的能量是影响饱腹感的因素。此外，不同的营养摄入速率会导致不同程度的胃胀。我们研究的目的是阐明不同的口服营养摄入速率（正常速率与缓慢间隔速率；研究I）以及静脉低速率大量营养素输注（蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪）或安慰剂（研究II）对心理生理功能的影响。前期研究调查了以下因素对人体心理生理功能（情绪、饥饿感、食物渴望、警觉性、嗅觉强度评分和享乐评分）的影响：1）研究I：一种混合营养液（1/3蛋白质、1/3脂肪、1/3碳水化合物）；2）研究II：静脉大量营养素输注（蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪）或安慰剂。在研究I中，10名男性受试者（年龄范围：21 - 30岁）完成了参与两种测试条件的研究方案；在研究II中，20名男性受试者（年龄范围：19 - 41岁）完成了参与所有测试条件的研究方案。此外，在干预开始前100分钟和干预开始后240分钟，对代谢功能进行了分析，并进行了两次认知和嗅觉测试。在每个检查日，对心理生理指标（情绪、饥饿感、对脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、甜食和蔬菜的渴望）、警觉性和代谢功能进行了七次测试。与缓慢间隔摄入速率和静脉低速率大量营养素输注相比，正常摄入速率对饥饿感和食物渴望的影响更大。我们的研究结果可能证实，在正常食物摄入速率下，摄入食物的量和每次较高的能量摄入速率有助于产生饱腹感，而缓慢间隔的食物摄入速率和静脉低速率大量营养素输注对饱腹感没有影响。我们的研究结果促使人们认为，摄入一定量的食物和一定的能量摄入比例对于减少饥饿感和食物渴望是必要的。
