Rolls B J
Nutrition Department, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Apr;61(4 Suppl):960S-967S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.960S.
The macronutrient composition of the diet can influence hunger, satiety, food intake, body weight, and body composition. Fat, not carbohydrate, is the macronutrient associated with overeating and obesity. Fat is overeaten because it is highly palatable and because it provides a high level of energy in a given volume of food. However, when given in equal volumes, carbohydrate (sugar) and fat have similar effects on hunger, satiety, and subsequent food intake when infused intragastrically or ingested in foods by normal-weight, unrestrained young men. In obese and restrained subjects, preloads of high-carbohydrate yogurts suppress subsequent food intake more than do high-fat yogurts, indicating a relative insensitivity to the satiety value of fat. Both the amount of fat in the diet and total energy intake should be managed in weight-loss regimens. Low-fat foods and fat substitutes can help to reduce fat intake. Although more data are required, currently the best dietary advice for weight maintenance and for controlling hunger is to consume a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with a high fiber content.
饮食中的宏量营养素组成会影响饥饿感、饱腹感、食物摄入量、体重和身体组成。与暴饮暴食和肥胖相关的宏量营养素是脂肪，而非碳水化合物。脂肪之所以会被过量食用，是因为它味道鲜美，且在一定体积的食物中能提供大量能量。然而，对于体重正常、饮食无节制的年轻男性而言，当以等量体积给予时，碳水化合物（糖）和脂肪在经胃内输注或通过食物摄入时，对饥饿感、饱腹感及随后的食物摄入量具有相似的影响。在肥胖和饮食受限的受试者中，高碳水化合物酸奶预负荷比高脂肪酸奶更能抑制随后的食物摄入量，这表明对脂肪的饱腹感价值相对不敏感。在减肥方案中，饮食中的脂肪量和总能量摄入都应加以控制。低脂食物和脂肪替代品有助于减少脂肪摄入。尽管还需要更多数据，但目前关于维持体重和控制饥饿的最佳饮食建议是食用低脂肪、高碳水化合物且富含纤维的饮食。
