Insights into a Novel Encoding IncP-6 Plasmid Reveal Carbapenem-Resistance Circulation in Several Species from Wastewater and a Hospital Source in Spain.

Untreated wastewater, particularly from hospitals and other healthcare facilities, is considered to be a reservoir for multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, its role in the spread of antibiotic resistances in the human population remains poorly investigated. We used whole genome sequencing to analyze 25 KPC-2-producing isolates from sewage water collected during a 3-year period and three clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in the same collection area in Spain. We detected a common, recently described, IncP-6 plasmid carrying the gene in 21 isolates from both sources. The plasmid was present in diverse environmental bacterial species of opportunistic pathogens such as , and . The 40,186 bp IncP-6 plasmid encoded 52 coding sequences and was composed of three uniquely combined regions that were derived from other plasmids recently reported in different countries of South America. The region harboring the carbapenem resistance gene (14 kb) contained a Tn transposon disrupted by an IS-flanked element and the core sequence composed by IS//Δ/IS. We document here the presence of a novel promiscuous plasmid circulating in environmental bacteria in wastewater and human populations.