Rabie Helena, Goussard Pierre
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
Childrens Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit (KidCRU), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
Pneumonia (Nathan). 2016 Nov 24;8:19. doi: 10.1186/s41479-016-0021-y. eCollection 2016.
Pneumonia remains the most common cause of hospitalization and the most important cause of death in young children. In high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-burden settings, HIV-infected children carry a high burden of lower respiratory tract infection from common respiratory viruses, bacteria and . In addition, and cytomegalovirus are important opportunistic pathogens. As the vertical transmission risk of HIV decreases and access to antiretroviral therapy increases, the epidemiology of these infections is changing, but HIV-infected infants and children still carry a disproportionate burden of these infections. There is also increasing recognition of the impact of exposure to HIV on the general health of exposed but uninfected infants. The reasons for this increased risk are not limited to socioeconomic status or adverse environmental conditions-there is emerging evidence that these HIV-exposed but uninfected infants may have particular immune deficits that could increase their vulnerability to respiratory pathogens. We discuss the impact of tuberculosis and other lower respiratory tract infections on the health of HIV-infected infants and children.
肺炎仍然是幼儿住院的最常见原因和最重要的死亡原因。在人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）负担较重的地区，感染HIV的儿童承受着由常见呼吸道病毒、细菌等引起的下呼吸道感染的沉重负担。此外，[此处原文缺失两种病原体名称]和巨细胞病毒是重要的机会性病原体。随着HIV垂直传播风险降低以及获得抗逆转录病毒疗法的机会增加，这些感染的流行病学正在发生变化，但感染HIV的婴幼儿仍然承受着这些感染的不成比例的负担。人们也越来越认识到暴露于HIV对暴露但未感染婴儿的总体健康的影响。这种风险增加的原因不仅限于社会经济地位或不利的环境条件——新出现的证据表明，这些暴露但未感染HIV的婴儿可能存在特殊的免疫缺陷，这可能会增加他们对呼吸道病原体的易感性。我们讨论结核病和其他下呼吸道感染对感染HIV的婴幼儿健康的影响。
