University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
Chem Soc Rev. 2017 Jul 31;46(15):4400-4416. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00363c.
The graphene family has captured the interest and the imagination of an increasing number of scientists working in different fields, ranging from composites to flexible electronics. In the area of biomedical applications, graphene is especially involved in drug delivery, biosensing and tissue engineering, with strong contributions to the whole nanomedicine area. Besides the interesting results obtained so far and the evident success, there are still many problems to solve, on the way to the manufacturing of biomedical devices, including the lack of standardization in the production of the graphene family members. Control of lateral size, aggregation state (single vs. few layers) and oxidation state (unmodified graphene vs. oxidized graphenes) is essential for the translation of this material into clinical assays. In this Tutorial Review we critically describe the latest developments of the graphene family materials into the biomedical field. We analyze graphene-based devices starting from graphene synthetic strategies, functionalization and processibility protocols up to the final in vitro and in vivo applications. We also address the toxicological impact and the limitations in translating graphene materials into advanced clinical tools. Finally, new trends and guidelines for future developments are presented.
石墨烯家族吸引了越来越多从事不同领域研究的科学家的关注和想象，这些领域包括复合材料到柔性电子学。在生物医学应用领域，石墨烯特别涉及药物输送、生物传感和组织工程，为整个纳米医学领域做出了重要贡献。除了迄今为止取得的有趣成果和明显的成功之外，在制造生物医学设备的道路上仍然存在许多问题需要解决，包括在生产石墨烯家族成员方面缺乏标准化。控制横向尺寸、聚集状态（单层与少数层）和氧化状态（未修饰的石墨烯与氧化石墨烯）对于将这种材料转化为临床检测至关重要。在本综述中，我们批判性地描述了石墨烯家族材料在生物医学领域的最新进展。我们从石墨烯的合成策略、功能化和可加工性方案开始，分析基于石墨烯的器件，一直到最终的体外和体内应用。我们还讨论了将石墨烯材料转化为先进临床工具的毒理学影响和局限性。最后，提出了新的趋势和未来发展的指导方针。
