Mandolesi Laura, Gelfo Francesca, Serra Laura, Montuori Simone, Polverino Arianna, Curcio Giuseppe, Sorrentino Giuseppe
Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133 Naples, Italy.
Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology and Behaviour, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
Neural Plast. 2017;2017:7219461. doi: 10.1155/2017/7219461. Epub 2017 Jun 14.
We do not all grow older in the same way. Some individuals have a cognitive decline earlier and faster than others who are older in years but cerebrally younger. This is particularly easy to verify in people who have maintained regular physical activity and healthy and cognitively stimulating lifestyle and even in the clinical field. There are patients with advanced neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), that, despite this, have mild cognitive impairment. What determines this interindividual difference? Certainly, it cannot be the result of only genetic factors. We are made in a certain manner and what we do acts on our brain. In fact, our genetic basis can be modulated, modified, and changed by our experiences such as education and life events; daily, by sleep schedules and habits; or also by dietary elements. And this can be seen as true even if our experiences are indirectly driven by our genetic basis. In this paper, we will review some current scientific research on how our experiences are able to modulate the structural organization of the brain and how a healthy lifestyle (regular physical activity, correct sleep hygiene, and healthy diet) appears to positively affect cognitive reserve.
我们并非都以相同的方式变老。一些人比实际年龄更大但大脑更年轻的人更早且更快地出现认知衰退。这在保持规律体育活动以及健康且具有认知刺激作用的生活方式的人群中，甚至在临床领域都特别容易得到验证。有一些患有晚期神经退行性疾病的患者，比如阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者，尽管如此，他们仍有轻度认知障碍。是什么决定了这种个体差异呢？当然，这不可能仅仅是遗传因素导致的结果。我们以某种方式被塑造，而我们的行为会作用于我们的大脑。事实上，我们的基因基础会受到诸如教育和生活事件等经历的调节、改变；日常中，会受到睡眠时间表和习惯的影响；或者也会受到饮食因素的影响。即便我们的经历是由我们的基因基础间接驱动的，这一点也依然成立。在本文中，我们将回顾一些当前关于我们的经历如何能够调节大脑结构组织，以及健康的生活方式（规律体育活动、正确的睡眠卫生习惯和健康饮食）如何似乎对认知储备产生积极影响的科学研究。
