UNICEF Indonesia, World Trade Center 6 (10th Floor), Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 31, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia.
UNICEF Indonesia, World Trade Center 6 (10th Floor), Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 31, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Oct;220(7):1141-1151. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.07.001. Epub 2017 Jul 15.
There remains a pressing need for systematic water quality monitoring strategies to assess drinking water safety and to track progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study incorporated water quality testing into an existing national socioeconomic survey in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia; the first such study in Indonesia in terms of SDG tracking. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the association between faecal and nitrate contamination and drinking water sources household drinking water adjusted for wealth, education level, type of water sources and type of sanitation facilities. The survey observed widespread faecal contamination in both sources for drinking water (89.2%, 95%CI: 86.9-91.5%; n=720) and household drinking water (67.1%, 95%CI: 64.1-70.1%; n=917) as measured by Escherichia coli. This was despite widespread improved drinking water source coverage (85.3%) and commonly self-reported boiling practices (82.2%). E.coli concentration levels in household drinking water were associated with wealth, education levels of a household head, and type of water source (i.e. vender water or local sources). Following the proposed SDG definition for Target 6.1 (water) and 6.2 (sanitation), the estimated proportion of households with access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation was 8.5% and 45.5%, respectively in the study areas, indicating substantial difference from improved drinking water (82.2%) and improved sanitation coverage (70.9%) as per the MDGs targets. The greatest contamination and risk factors were found in the poorest households indicating the urgent need for targeted and effective interventions here. There is suggested evidence that sub-surface leaching from on-site sanitation adversely impacts on drinking water sources, which underscores the need for further technical assistance in promoting latrine construction. Urgent action is still needed to strengthen systematic monitoring efforts towards tracking SDG Goal 6.
仍然迫切需要系统的水质监测策略来评估饮用水安全，并跟踪实现可持续发展目标（SDG）的进展。本研究将水质测试纳入印度尼西亚日惹省的现有国家社会经济调查中；就 SDG 跟踪而言，这是印度尼西亚的第一项此类研究。多元回归分析评估了粪便和硝酸盐污染与饮用水源的关联，饮用水源是经过家庭饮用水调整后的财富、教育水平、水源类型和卫生设施类型。该调查观察到饮用水（89.2%，95%CI：86.9-91.5%；n=720）和家庭饮用水（67.1%，95%CI：64.1-70.1%；n=917）中粪便污染广泛存在，这是通过大肠杆菌测量得出的。尽管广泛改善了饮用水源覆盖率（85.3%）和普遍自我报告的煮沸做法（82.2%）。家庭饮用水中的大肠杆菌浓度与家庭的财富、户主的教育水平和水源类型（即供应商水或当地水源）有关。根据拟议的 SDG 目标 6.1（水）和 6.2（卫生）的定义，在所研究的地区，获得安全管理饮用水和卫生设施的家庭比例分别为 8.5%和 45.5%，这表明与改进的饮用水（82.2%）和改进的卫生设施覆盖率（70.9%）存在实质性差异，后两者是根据千年发展目标确定的。最严重的污染和风险因素出现在最贫困的家庭中，这表明迫切需要在这里进行有针对性和有效的干预。有证据表明，现场卫生设施的地下渗漏对饮用水源产生不利影响，这凸显了需要进一步提供技术援助以促进厕所建设。仍然需要采取紧急行动，加强系统监测工作，以跟踪实现可持续发展目标 6。
