Cipollaro M, Corsale G, Esposito A, Ragucci E, Staiano N, Giordano G G, Pagano G
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1986;6(4):275-87. doi: 10.1002/tcm.1770060404.
Further evidence is reported here of genetic and developmental damage that can be induced by a sublethal pH decrease. The effects of three inorganic acids (HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4) on embryos and sperm from the sea urchins Sphaerechinus granularis and Paracentrotus lividus were evaluated. In addition, acidification of the medium was tested for spontaneous reversion to His+ prototrophy in Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535) up to toxic levels, by both liquid incubation and agar plate incorporation. The induction of developmental and mitotic abnormalities in S. granularis confirmed our previous observations on P. lividus. Embryotoxicity was exerted in S. granularis more severely by H3PO4 than by HCl or H2SO4 (pH 7 to 6), while the induction of mitotic abnormalities appeared at a pH of less than or equal to 6.5 irrespective of the acids used. By suspending S. granularis or P. lividus sperm in acidified filtered seawater (fsw) and then inseminating the eggs in natural fsw (pH = 8.0), the offspring showed developmental and mitotic abnormalities. Low-pH-induced spermiotoxicity was ruled out in our experiments, since fertilization success of acid-exposed sperm was actually enhanced, as compared to sperm suspended in untreated fsw. The exposure of S. typhimurium to different pH's (ranging from 4 to 9) invariably failed to induce any changes in reversion rates, regardless of the acids (or alkali) being used. These results suggest that extracellular acidification may cause sublethal damage that in turn leads to an impairment of mitotic activity and cell differentiation.
本文报告了关于亚致死性pH降低可导致遗传和发育损伤的进一步证据。评估了三种无机酸（盐酸、硫酸和磷酸）对球海胆和地中海海胆的胚胎及精子的影响。此外，通过液体培养和琼脂平板掺入法，测试了培养基酸化对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535菌株）自发回复组氨酸原养型至毒性水平的影响。球海胆中发育和有丝分裂异常的诱导证实了我们之前对地中海海胆的观察结果。在球海胆中，磷酸比盐酸或硫酸（pH从7降至6）更严重地表现出胚胎毒性，而无论使用何种酸，有丝分裂异常的诱导在pH小于或等于6.5时出现。通过将球海胆或地中海海胆的精子悬浮在酸化的过滤海水中，然后在天然过滤海水中（pH = 8.0）对卵子进行受精，后代出现了发育和有丝分裂异常。在我们的实验中排除了低pH诱导的精子毒性，因为与悬浮在未处理过滤海水中的精子相比，暴露于酸中的精子的受精成功率实际上提高了。无论使用何种酸（或碱），将鼠伤寒沙门氏菌暴露于不同pH值（范围为4至9）均未能诱导回复率发生任何变化。这些结果表明，细胞外酸化可能会导致亚致死性损伤，进而导致有丝分裂活性和细胞分化受损。
