School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
Behav Res Ther. 2017 Oct;97:115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.012. Epub 2017 Jul 20.
Auditory Hallucinations may arise from people confusing their own inner speech with external spoken speech. People with visual hallucinations (VH) may similarly confuse vivid mental imagery with external events. This paper reports two experiments exploring confusion between internal and external visual material.
Experiment 1 examined reality monitoring in people with psychosis; those with visual hallucinations (n = 16) and those without (n = 15). Experiment 2 used two non-clinical groups of people with high or low predisposition to VH (HVH, n = 26, LVH, n = 21). All participants completed the same reality monitoring task. Participants in Experiment 2 also completed measures of imagery.
Psychosis patients with VH demonstrated biased reality monitoring, where they misremembered items that had been presented as words as having been presented as pictures. Patients without VH did not show this bias. In Experiment 2, the HVH group demonstrated the same bias in reality monitoring that psychosis patients with VH had shown. The LVH group did not show this bias. In addition, the HVH group reported more vivid imagery and particularly more negative imagery.
Both studies found that people with visual hallucinations or prone-ness to such experiences confused their inner visual experiences with external images. Vivid imagery was also related to proneness to VH. Hence, vivid imagery and reality monitoring confusion could be contributory factors to understanding VH.
幻听可能源于人们将自己的内部言语与外部言语混淆。有视觉幻觉（VH）的人可能也会将生动的内心意象与外部事件混淆。本文报告了两项探索内部和外部视觉材料之间混淆的实验。
实验 1 检验了精神病患者的现实监测；有视觉幻觉的患者（n=16）和没有视觉幻觉的患者（n=15）。实验 2 使用了两个非临床的高易患 VH 人群（HVH，n=26，LVH，n=21）和低易患 VH 人群。所有参与者都完成了相同的现实监测任务。实验 2 的参与者还完成了意象测量。
有 VH 的精神病患者表现出有偏差的现实监测，他们错误地记住了作为单词呈现的项目，认为它们是作为图片呈现的。没有 VH 的患者没有表现出这种偏差。在实验 2 中，HVH 组在现实监测中表现出与有 VH 的精神病患者相同的偏差。LVH 组没有表现出这种偏差。此外，HVH 组报告了更生动的意象，特别是更消极的意象。
两项研究都发现，有视觉幻觉或易患此类体验的人将自己的内部视觉体验与外部图像混淆。生动的意象也与易患 VH 有关。因此，生动的意象和现实监测混淆可能是理解 VH 的一个促成因素。
