Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:789-797. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.035. Epub 2017 Jul 27.
Children generally have higher Flame Retardant (FR) concentrations in serum compared to other age groups. Toddler behavior enhances direct contact with house dust since their frequent presence proximate to the floor, and their mouthing behavior. This study aimed to thoroughly investigate FR levels in body wipes of toddlers 8-18 months old) and in indoor dust using a noninvasive sampling technique. In this cross-sectional study, body wipes from hands, mouth and back, and indoor household dust samples were collected in twenty-one families and analyzed for one brominated- and seven organophosphorus FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ether 209 (BDE209), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate)). Accelerated solvent extraction was used for extraction and the extract was measured with liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Non-parametric correlation analyses were performed to assess associations. All FRs were detected in body- and indoor dust samples (median range: 1.0ng/hand wipe (BDE209) to 65ng/hand wipe (TCIPP)) and were mostly correlated with each other. We estimated that approximately 260mg dust (range 50-880mg) accumulated on toddler's hands per day. Hand-to-mouth frequency was negatively associated with FR levels in wipes (τ = -0.38, p = 0.04). With increasing age FR concentrations (BDE209, TCEP, TDCIPP, TPHP and TMPP) on hands decreased significantly (p = 0.01-0.03). Girls had significantly less FRs (TCEP, TCIPP, TPHP and TMPP) on the hands (p = 0.01-0.03) than boys. This is to the best of the authors' knowledge the first study in Europe that measured brominated- as well as organophosphorus FRs in several types of body wipes from toddlers and that estimated the amount of house dust that accumulates on toddler's hands.
儿童的血清阻燃剂（FR）浓度普遍高于其他年龄段。幼儿的行为会增加与室内灰尘的直接接触，因为他们经常靠近地面并经常用嘴探索。本研究旨在通过非侵入性采样技术，彻底调查 8-18 个月大幼儿的身体擦拭物和室内灰尘中的 FR 水平。在这项横断面研究中，从 21 个家庭中收集了手部、口腔和背部的身体擦拭物以及室内家庭灰尘样本，并对 1 种溴化和 7 种有机磷 FR（多溴联苯醚 209（BDE209）、磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯（TCIPP）、磷酸三（氯乙基）酯（TCEP）、磷酸三（1,3-二氯异丙基）酯（TDCIPP）、磷酸三（苯基）酯（TPHP）、磷酸三（甲基苯基）酯（TMPP）、双酚 A 双（二苯基磷酸酯）和双酚 F 双（二苯基磷酸酯））进行分析。加速溶剂萃取用于提取，并用液相色谱-质谱联用仪测量提取物。进行了非参数相关分析以评估关联。身体擦拭物和室内灰尘样本中均检测到所有 FR（中位数范围：手部擦拭物中 1.0ng/拭子（BDE209）至 65ng/拭子（TCIPP）），并且彼此之间大多存在相关性。我们估计，幼儿每天手上积累的灰尘量约为 260mg（范围 50-880mg）。手到口的频率与擦拭物中的 FR 水平呈负相关（τ=-0.38，p=0.04）。随着年龄的增长，手上的 FR 浓度（BDE209、TCEP、TDCIPP、TPHP 和 TMPP）显著降低（p=0.01-0.03）。与男孩相比，女孩手上的 FR（TCEP、TCIPP、TPHP 和 TMPP）明显较少（p=0.01-0.03）。这是作者所知的第一份在欧洲测量幼儿多种类型身体擦拭物中的溴化和有机磷 FR 并估计积累在幼儿手上的室内灰尘量的研究。
