Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 2020 Aug;252:126588. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126588. Epub 2020 Mar 23.
Toddlers are at increased risk of dust ingestion and subsequently flame retardant (FR) exposure because they often play close to the floor and mouth hands and objects. Exposure to some FRs have been associated to endocrine disruption and neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous research has shown higher FR concentrations in toddlers' serum and urine, but which toddler-behaviors influence exposure levels remains to be determined. We investigated how toddler-behaviors are associated to FRs in hand wipes (HWs) and saliva. Fifty 8-18 month-old children from the Linking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health study, were visited at home. The child's behavior was observed and assessed using a questionnaire. Hand-to-object behavior frequency was associated with HW tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(phenyl) phosphate, tris(methylphenyl) phosphate, and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) levels above the detection limit. Children playing with electronics multiple times per week had higher TDCIPP HW levels compared to children playing with electronics once per month or never (p = 0.032 and p = 0.046). Frequent mouth-to-object and frequent mouthing a pacifier were associated with lower TDCIPP (p = 0.019) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) HW levels, respectively (p = 0.002-0.019). Exposure estimates based on hand-to-mouth behavior did not exceed the available reference doses. This is the first study investigating toddler-behavior in relation to FR hand loadings. Although a range of behaviors was investigated, only a few showed a relation with FR HW levels, suggesting that toddler-behavior might not alone be responsible for the elevated FR levels in children. It is therefore important to explore other pathways including dermal absorption and inhalation.
幼儿因经常在地板附近玩耍、口手并用接触物品，所以吞食灰尘的风险更高，进而接触阻燃剂（FR）的风险也更高。一些 FR 已被证实与内分泌干扰和神经发育障碍有关。先前的研究表明，幼儿的血清和尿液中 FR 浓度较高，但哪些幼儿行为会影响暴露水平仍有待确定。我们研究了幼儿行为与手部擦拭物（HW）和唾液中 FR 的关系。在 Linking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health 研究中，对 50 名 8-18 个月大的儿童进行了家访。使用问卷观察和评估儿童的行为。手与物体接触的频率与 tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)、tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)、tris(phenyl) phosphate、tris(methylphenyl) phosphate 和 resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) 的 HW 浓度呈正相关，这些物质的浓度超过了检测限。每周多次玩电子设备的儿童比每月或从不玩电子设备的儿童具有更高的 TDCIPP HW 水平（p=0.032 和 p=0.046）。频繁的口与物接触和频繁吮吸奶嘴与 TDCIPP（p=0.019）和 tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) HW 水平呈负相关，分别为（p=0.002-0.019）。基于手到口的行为的暴露估计值没有超过可用的参考剂量。这是第一项研究幼儿行为与 FR 手部负荷之间关系的研究。尽管研究了一系列行为，但只有少数行为与 FR HW 水平相关，这表明幼儿行为可能不是导致儿童 FR 水平升高的唯一原因。因此，探索其他途径，包括皮肤吸收和吸入，很重要。
