Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK.
B&NES Primary Care Talking Therapies Service, Hillview Lodge, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.
Psychol Psychother. 2017 Dec;90(4):751-769. doi: 10.1111/papt.12137. Epub 2017 Jul 31.
To explore the phenomenology of self-criticism, and the relationship with constructs such as rumination and perfectionism.
The study followed a three-group (Depression, n = 26; Eating Disorder, n = 26; Non-clinical, n = 26) mixed methods design.
Participants completed a set of questionnaires and were interviewed about the occurrence, impact, and content of self-critical thinking, along with their beliefs about self-criticism.
Both clinical groups reported more frequent, persistent, and less controllable self-criticism compared to controls, present on average 50-60% of the time. They reported a negative impact on mood, and a moderately severe impact on daily activities. They indicated greater desire to change self-criticism whilst judging it more difficult to reduce. Habitual self-criticism was highly correlated with lower self-esteem, lower self-compassion, greater rumination, and greater negative perfectionism. Compared to those with depression, the eating disorder group reported harsher self-criticism, felt it was more part of their personality, and was more beneficial.
The findings highlight the importance of exploring people's beliefs about their self-criticism, and imply that treatment for self-criticism may be more challenging with people with eating disorders than people with depression.
This study highlights that self-criticism is common in depression and eating disorders and that some people find this a significant problem in its own right. Careful assessment of self-criticism is recommended when working with these clinical presentations, which should include the perceived positive consequences and desire to change.
探讨自我批评的现象学，以及与反刍和完美主义等结构的关系。
该研究采用三组（抑郁症，n=26；饮食障碍，n=26；非临床，n=26）混合方法设计。
参与者完成了一组问卷，并就自我批评的发生、影响和内容，以及他们对自我批评的看法进行了访谈。
与对照组相比，两组临床组报告了更频繁、更持续、更难以控制的自我批评，平均出现频率为 50-60%。他们报告说，自我批评对情绪有负面影响，对日常活动有中度严重的影响。他们表示更希望改变自我批评，同时认为减少自我批评更困难。习惯性自我批评与自尊心较低、自我同情较少、反刍更多和消极完美主义更严重高度相关。与抑郁症患者相比，饮食障碍组报告了更严厉的自我批评，认为自我批评更能体现他们的个性，并且更有益处。
研究结果强调了探索人们对自我批评的信念的重要性，并暗示针对饮食障碍患者的自我批评治疗可能比针对抑郁症患者的治疗更具挑战性。
本研究强调了自我批评在抑郁症和饮食障碍中很常见，并且有些人认为这本身就是一个重大问题。在处理这些临床表现时，建议仔细评估自我批评，包括感知到的积极后果和改变的愿望。
