Zaccari Vittoria, Fazi Michela, Scarci Federica, Correr Valentina, Trani Lucrezia, Filomena Maria Grazia, Piccione Valentina, Cattan Stefano Joe, Ginni Maria Giovanna, D'Olimpio Francesca, Mancini Francesco
School of Cognitive Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy.
Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy.
Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2024 Dec;21(6):455-476. doi: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240602.
Self-criticism (SC) is a central transdiagnostic factor in several psychopathological conditions, influencing the development and maintenance of symptomatology. The importance of this construct has stimulated quantitative and qualitative research about it. The main purpose of this systematic review is to highlight which qualitative methods have been used most frequently and which are most suitable for studying SC.
We conducted a systematic search by searching the following databases to identify publications: PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ERIC (all years up to and including January 2024). We aggregated search terms into two concepts for all databases: "self-criticism" and "qualitative analysis".
After removing duplicates, we screened a total of 852 records, resulting in the identification of 28 full-text articles that we assessed for eligibility. Upon closer examination, there was consensus that 16 of those studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extracted from the included studies revealed the lack of a shared approach regarding qualitative analysis of SC. Some studies employed a top-down coding approach, others used a bottom-up coding approach, and a few combined both methods. Consensual qualitative research and thematic analysis have been used most widely in the field. Furthermore, the data revealed no consensus among researchers on the conceptualization of SC. SC categories identified through qualitative analysis frequently do not align with existing theoretical models, and these categories are rarely re-examined in subsequent studies.
There is a need to test existing theoretical models of SC through qualitative analysis and to develop new models that should be examined with qualitative and quantitative methods in different clinical populations to fully capture the complexity and multidimensionality of SC.
自我批评是几种精神病理状况中的核心跨诊断因素，影响症状的发展和维持。这一概念的重要性激发了关于它的定量和定性研究。本系统评价的主要目的是突出哪些定性方法使用最为频繁以及哪些最适合研究自我批评。
我们通过检索以下数据库进行系统检索以识别出版物：心理学文摘数据库（PsycINFO）、心理学全文数据库（PsycARTICLES）、医学索引数据库（MEDLINE）、Scopus数据库、科学引文索引数据库（Web of Science）、医学期刊数据库（PubMed）和教育资源信息中心数据库（ERIC）（截至2024年1月包括该月的所有年份）。我们将检索词汇总为所有数据库的两个概念：“自我批评”和“定性分析”。
在去除重复项后，我们总共筛选了852条记录，最终确定了28篇全文文章进行合格性评估。经仔细审查，一致认为其中16项研究符合纳入标准。从纳入研究中提取的数据显示，在自我批评的定性分析方面缺乏统一的方法。一些研究采用自上而下的编码方法，另一些研究采用自下而上的编码方法，还有少数研究将两种方法结合使用。共识定性研究和主题分析在该领域使用最为广泛。此外，数据显示研究人员在自我批评的概念化方面未达成共识。通过定性分析确定的自我批评类别往往与现有的理论模型不一致，并且这些类别在后续研究中很少被重新审视。
有必要通过定性分析来检验现有的自我批评理论模型，并开发新的模型，这些模型应在不同临床人群中采用定性和定量方法进行检验，以充分捕捉自我批评的复杂性和多维性。
