Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, 92182, USA.
Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Oct;94:317-325. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091. Epub 2017 Jul 31.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a vital system of human body, as it maintains plasma sodium concentration, arterial blood pressure and extracellular volume. Kidney-secreted renin enzyme acts on its substrate to form angiotensin II, a versatile effector peptide hormone. Every organ is affected by RAAS activation and the resultant hypertension, cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. The imbalance of renin and angiotensin II can result in an overwhelming number of chronic and acute diseases. RAAS is influenced by other enzymes, hormones, pumps and signaling pathways, hence, this review discusses important facets of this system, its crosstalk with other crucial factors like estrogen, thyroid, cortisol, kallikrein-kinin system, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and sodium-potassium pump. The nexus of RAAS with the above-discussed systems was scantily explored before. So, this review furnishes a new perspective in comprehension of inflammation diseases. It is followed by the formulation of hypotheses, which can contribute to better management of an array of pathologies plaguing mankind. Manipulation of RAAS, by bending it towards ACE2 expression can regulate endocrine functions, which can be critical for a number of pathological management. Dietary intervention can restore RAAS to normalcy.
肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）是人体的一个重要系统，因为它维持着血浆钠浓度、动脉血压和细胞外液量。肾脏分泌的肾素酶作用于其底物生成血管紧张素 II，这是一种多功能的效应肽激素。RAAS 的激活和由此产生的高血压、细胞增殖、炎症和纤维化会影响到每个器官。肾素和血管紧张素 II 的失衡可能导致大量的慢性和急性疾病。RAAS 受到其他酶、激素、泵和信号通路的影响，因此，本综述讨论了该系统的重要方面，以及它与其他关键因素如雌激素、甲状腺、皮质醇、激肽释放酶-激肽系统、Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路和钠钾泵的相互作用。在这之前，RAAS 与上述讨论的系统之间的联系很少被探索。因此，本综述为理解炎症性疾病提供了一个新的视角。随后提出了一些假设，这些假设可能有助于更好地管理困扰人类的多种病理。通过使 RAAS 向 ACE2 表达倾斜来调节内分泌功能，这对许多病理的管理可能是至关重要的。饮食干预可以使 RAAS 恢复正常。
