Residue specific effects of human islet polypeptide amyloid on self-assembly and on cell toxicity.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized histopathologically by the presence of fibrillary amyloid deposits in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), the 37-residue pancreatic hormone, is the major constituent of these amyloid deposits. The propensity of IAPP to form amyloid fibrils is strongly dependent on its primary sequence. An intriguing example is His at residue 18. Although H18 is located outside the amyloidogenic region, it has been suggested that this residue and its charge state play an important role in the kinetics of conformational changes and fibril formation as well as in mediating cell toxicity. To gain more insight into the importance of this residue, we have synthesized four analogues (H18R-IAPP, H18K-IAPP, H18A-IAPP and H18E-IAPP) and we performed a full biophysical study on the properties of these peptides. Kinetic experiments as monitored by thioflavin-T fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism and cell toxicity assays revealed that all variants are less fibrillogenic and less toxic than native hIAPP both at neutral pH and at low pH. This demonstrates that the effect of H18 in native IAPP is not simply determined by its charge state, but rather that residue 18 is important for specific intra- and intermolecular interactions that occur during fibril formation and that may involve charge, size and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, our results indicate that H18R-IAPP has a strong inhibiting effect on native hIAPP fibril formation. Together these results highlight the large impact of modifying a single residue outside the amyloidogenic domain on fibril formation and cell toxicity induced by IAPP, opening up new avenues for design of inhibitors or modulators of IAPP aggregation.