Structure, Dynamics, and Electron Transfer of Azurin Bound to a Gold Electrode.

Blue copper redox protein azurin (AZ) constitutes an ideal active element for building bionano-optoelectronic devices based on the intriguing interplay among its electron transfer (ET), vibrational, and optical properties. A full comprehension of its dynamical and functional behavior is required for efficient applications. Here, AZ bound to gold electrode via its disulfide bridge was investigated by a molecular dynamics simulation approach taking into account for gold electron polarization which provides a more realistic description of the protein-gold interaction. Upon binding to gold, AZ undergoes slight changes in its secondary structure with the preservation of the copper-containing active site structure. Binding of AZ to gold promotes new collective motions, with respect to free AZ, as evidenced by essential dynamics. Analysis of the ET from the AZ copper ion to the gold substrate, performed by the Pathways model, put into evidence the main residues and structural motifs of AZ involved in the ET paths. During the dynamical evolution of the bionanosystem, transient contacts between some lateral protein atoms and the gold substrate occurred; concomitantly, the opening of additional ET channels with much higher rates was registered. These results provide new and detailed insights on the dynamics and ET properties of the AZ-gold system, by also helping to rationalize some imaging and conductive experimental evidences and also to design new bionanodevices with tailored features.