Rai Sarvesh K, Sharma Rinku, Kumari Alka, Rasmussen Lars H, Patil Rajendra D, Bhar Rasbehari
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur 176061, India.
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur 176061, India.
Toxicon. 2017 Nov;138:31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.010. Epub 2017 Aug 9.
Enzootic bovine haematuria (EBH) in cattle occurs in upland areas of the world. In India, the disease is present in isolated pockets in the Himalayas and in the Nilgiri Hills. The variation in the disease incidence has been attributed to different environmental conditions and animal rearing practices followed in the different regions. The aim of the study was to conduct field surveys in parts of EBH endemic regions of Himachal Pradesh, a north-western Himalayan state of India. Out of the total 103 plant samples collected, a total of 95 samples were identified as ferns. The major ferns identified included, Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze, Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa, Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ, Pseudocyclosorus canus (Baker) Holttum and J.W. Grimes, Onychium contiguum C. Hope, Dryopteris nigropaleacea (Fraser-Jenk.), Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Allantodia maxima (D. Don) Ching, Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai, Pteris cretica L., Pteris vittata L., Asplenium trichomanes L., Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Sloss. ex Rydb, Adiantum venustum D. Don and Paraceterach vestita (Hook.) R.M. Tryon. The concentration of ptaquiloside (PTA) and pterosin B (PtB) in some of the ferns collected from Kullu and Chamba regions ranged from 0 to 358.6 ± 70.5 μg/g and 0 to 652.4 ± 50.0 μg/g, respectively. In addition, field cases of the disease in cattle were also studied in the EBH endemic districts. A total of sixteen cattle urine samples and one urinary bladder of EBH affected cattle were collected. On physical, chemical (benzidine test) and microscopic examination of urine sediment, all the sixteen field samples were found to be positive for erythrocytes and the cases were diagnosed as macrohaematuria. The clinico-pathological studies on the field cases and the presence of PTA and PtB in the ferns indicated that EBH is a prevalent disease and there is an association between chronic fern ingestion and EBH in cattle. On the basis of gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (p53 and H-ras nuclear expression in the urothelial cells) of the urinary bladder tissue, the field case was diagnosed as transitional cell adenocarcinoma with chronic lymphocytic cystitis.
牛地方流行性血尿病（EBH）发生在世界上的高地地区。在印度，该病存在于喜马拉雅山脉和尼尔吉里丘陵的一些孤立区域。不同地区疾病发病率的差异归因于不同的环境条件和动物饲养方式。本研究的目的是在印度喜马拉雅山脉西北部的喜马偕尔邦部分EBH流行地区进行实地调查。在总共收集的103份植物样本中，共有95份样本被鉴定为蕨类植物。鉴定出的主要蕨类植物包括：日本金粉蕨（Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze）、云杉多鳞耳蕨（Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa）、毗邻鳞毛蕨（Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ）、浅杯假毛蕨（Pseudocyclosorus canus (Baker) Holttum and J.W. Grimes）、紧羽金粉蕨（Onychium contiguum C. Hope）、黑鳞鳞毛蕨（Dryopteris nigropaleacea (Fraser-Jenk.)）、欧洲蕨（Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn）、普通双盖蕨（Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.）、大羽短肠蕨（Allantodia maxima (D. Don) Ching）、单芽狗脊（Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai）、克里特岛凤尾蕨（Pteris cretica L.）、蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata L.）、铁角蕨（Asplenium trichomanes L.）、沼泽蕨（Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Sloss. ex Rydb）、美丽铁线蕨（Adiantum venustum D. Don）和具缘拟小膜盖蕨（Paraceterach vestita (Hook.) R.M. Tryon）。从库鲁和恰姆巴地区采集的一些蕨类植物中，ptaquiloside（PTA）和pterosin B（PtB）的浓度分别为0至358.6±70.5μg/g和0至652.4±50.0μg/g。此外，还对EBH流行地区的牛病现场病例进行了研究。共收集了16份患EBH牛的尿液样本和1个膀胱。对尿液沉淀物进行物理、化学（联苯胺试验）和显微镜检查，发现所有16份现场样本的红细胞均呈阳性，这些病例被诊断为肉眼血尿。对现场病例的临床病理研究以及蕨类植物中PTA和PtB的存在表明，EBH是一种普遍存在的疾病，牛长期摄入蕨类植物与EBH之间存在关联。根据膀胱组织的大体病理学、组织病理学和免疫组织化学（尿路上皮细胞中p53和H-ras核表达），现场病例被诊断为伴有慢性淋巴细胞性膀胱炎的移行细胞腺癌。
