Awareness Center, Linkøpingvej 35, Trekroner, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
Leibniz - Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department Ecohydrology, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jan 1;610-611:234-243. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.029. Epub 2017 Aug 10.
Urban air pollution with benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) is a common phenomenon in major cities where the pollution mainly originates from traffic as well as from residential heating. An attempt to rank cities according to their BTEX air pollution is not necessarily straight forward as we are faced with several individual pollutants simultaneously. A typical procedure is based on aggregation of data for the single compounds, a process that not only hides important information but is also subject to compensation effects. The present study applies a series of partial ordering tools to circumvent the aggregation. Based on partial ordering, most important indicators are disclosed, and an average ranking of the cities included in the study is derived. Since air pollution measurements are often subject to significant uncertainties, special attention has been given to the possible effect of uncertainty and/or data noise. Finally, the effect of introducing weight regimes is studied. In a concluding section the gross national income per person (GNI) is brought into play, demonstrating a positive correlation between BTEX air pollution and GNI. The results are discussed in terms of the ability/willingness to combat air pollution in the cities studied. The present study focuses on Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan and compares the data from Almaty to another 19 major cities around the world. It is found that the benzene for Almaty appears peculiar high. Overall Almaty appears ranked as the 8th most BTEX polluted city among the 20 cities included in the study.
城市空气中的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）污染是大城市的常见现象，这些污染主要来自交通和居民供暖。按照 BTEX 空气污染对城市进行排名并不一定简单直接，因为我们同时面临着几种单个污染物。一种典型的方法是基于对单个化合物数据的聚合，这个过程不仅隐藏了重要信息，而且还受到补偿效应的影响。本研究应用了一系列偏序工具来避免聚合。基于偏序，揭示了最重要的指标，并得出了所研究城市的平均排名。由于空气污染测量通常存在较大的不确定性，因此特别关注了不确定性和/或数据噪声的可能影响。最后，研究了引入权重制度的效果。在结论部分，引入了人均国民总收入（GNI），表明 BTEX 空气污染与 GNI 之间存在正相关关系。根据研究城市的应对空气污染的能力/意愿，对结果进行了讨论。本研究聚焦于哈萨克斯坦最大的城市阿拉木图，并将阿拉木图的数据与全球其他 19 个主要城市进行了比较。发现阿拉木图的苯含量异常高。总体而言，阿拉木图在研究的 20 个城市中排名第 8，是 BTEX 污染最严重的城市之一。
