Allan S A, Day J F, Edman J D
Annu Rev Entomol. 1987;32:297-316. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.32.010187.001501.
Many of the similarities in visual ecology between the Nematocera and Brachycera and within the Cyclorrhapha may reflect the evolution of blood-feeding in these groups. In Nematocera and Brachycera, blood-feeding is thought to have evolved from predatory or nectar-feeding behavior (138). Only females feed on hosts, and association with hosts generally occurs when hosts are close to the aquatic or semiaquatic habitats of the immatures. Flies feed on nectar, make appetitive flights, disperse, or migrate prior to blood-feeding, and then oviposit in water. Many species are nocturnal or crepuscular. In Cyclorrhapha, flies are closely associated with hosts. They may have arisen from compost-feeding flies that developed a larval dependence on vertebrate-produced microhabitats. Both sexes blood-feed, and mating occurs on or near hosts. Flies generally emerge in the proximity of hosts and maintain close contact with them. These species are diurnal, and their visual systems are well developed. Comparisons between closely related blood-feeding and non-blood-feeding species may provide insight into the visual ecology of blood-feeding species. Despite the different origins of hematophagy, there appears to be a convergence of morphology and behavior that is related to ecology rather than to phylogenetic relationships. This is clearly seen in host-location strategies by tsetse and tabanids. Even within groups such as mosquitoes, species that are active at the same time of day and in the same habitat have more in common than closely related species in different habitats. For this reason, an ecological review would be more cohesive than this phylogenetic discussion. However, because of the disproportionate amount of literature on a small number of groups, the phylogenetic approach is the most practical for this subject. However, this review does point out the great need for research on the less well-studied groups and behaviors.
蚋类和短角亚目昆虫之间以及环裂亚目内部在视觉生态学上的许多相似之处，可能反映了这些类群中吸血行为的进化。在蚋类和短角亚目昆虫中，吸血行为被认为是从捕食或吸食花蜜的行为进化而来的（138）。只有雌性会取食宿主，并且通常在宿主靠近未成熟个体的水生或半水生生境时才会与宿主发生关联。苍蝇在吸血前会吸食花蜜、进行求偶飞行、扩散或迁徙，然后在水中产卵。许多物种是夜行性或晨昏性的。在环裂亚目昆虫中，苍蝇与宿主密切相关。它们可能起源于以堆肥为食的苍蝇，这些苍蝇在幼虫阶段对脊椎动物产生的微生境产生了依赖。雌雄两性都会吸血，并且在宿主上或宿主附近进行交配。苍蝇通常在宿主附近羽化，并与它们保持密切接触。这些物种是昼行性的，并且它们的视觉系统发育良好。对亲缘关系相近的吸血和非吸血物种进行比较，可能有助于深入了解吸血物种的视觉生态学。尽管吸血的起源不同，但在形态和行为上似乎存在一种与生态而非系统发育关系相关的趋同现象。这在采采蝇和虻的宿主定位策略中很明显。即使在蚊子等类群中，在同一天同一时间和同一栖息地活动的物种之间的共同点，也比不同栖息地的亲缘关系相近的物种更多。因此，生态学综述会比这种系统发育讨论更具连贯性。然而，由于关于少数类群的文献数量不成比例，系统发育方法对于这个主题来说是最实用的。然而，本综述确实指出了对研究较少的类群和行为进行研究的迫切需求。
