Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Room 2E32D, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Nov;40(11):767-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.08.002. Epub 2010 Aug 20.
Within the Diptera and outside the suborder Brachycera, the blood-feeding habit occurred at least twice, producing the present day sand flies, and the Culicomorpha, including the mosquitoes (Culicidae), black flies (Simulidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and frog feeding flies (Corethrellidae). Alternatives to this scenario are also discussed. Successful blood-feeding requires adaptations to antagonize the vertebrate's mechanisms of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, pain and itching, which are triggered by tissue destruction and immune reactions to insect products. Saliva of these insects provides a complex pharmacological armamentarium to block these vertebrate reactions. With the advent of transcriptomics, the sialomes (from the Greek word sialo = saliva) of at least two species of each of these families have been studied (except for the frog feeders), allowing an insight into the diverse pathways leading to today's salivary composition within the Culicomorpha, having the sand flies as an outgroup. This review catalogs 1288 salivary proteins in 10 generic classes comprising over 150 different protein families, most of which we have no functional knowledge. These proteins and many sequence comparisons are displayed in a hyperlinked spreadsheet that hopefully will stimulate and facilitate the task of functional characterization of these proteins, and their possible use as novel pharmacological agents and epidemiological markers of insect vector exposure.
在双翅目和短角亚目之外，吸血习性至少发生了两次，产生了今天的沙蝇和 Culicomorpha，包括蚊子（蚊科）、黑蝇（Simulidae）、吸血蠓（Ceratopogonidae）和蛙食蝇（Corethrellidae）。也讨论了替代方案。成功的吸血需要适应来对抗脊椎动物的凝血机制、血小板聚集、血管收缩、疼痛和瘙痒，这些都是由组织破坏和对昆虫产品的免疫反应引起的。这些昆虫的唾液提供了一个复杂的药理学武器库，以阻止这些脊椎动物的反应。随着转录组学的出现，至少对这些科的每个科的两个物种的唾液组（来自希腊语 sialo = 唾液）进行了研究（除了蛙食蝇），这使我们能够深入了解导致 Culicomorpha 中今天唾液组成的不同途径，沙蝇作为外群。本综述列出了 10 个通用类别的 1288 种唾液蛋白，包含超过 150 种不同的蛋白质家族，其中大多数我们没有功能知识。这些蛋白质和许多序列比较都显示在一个超链接电子表格中，希望这将激发和促进这些蛋白质的功能表征任务，以及它们作为新型药理学制剂和昆虫媒介暴露的流行病学标志物的可能用途。
