Khalil Muhammad Abdul Mabood, Tan Jackson, Khamis Said, Khalil Muhammad AshhadUllah, Azmat Rabeea, Ullah Arslan Rahat
Diaverum Prince Abdul Majeed Renal Centre, Al Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Jeddah 21146, Saudi Arabia.
RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan BA1710, Brunei Darussalam.
Adv Med. 2017;2017:6213814. doi: 10.1155/2017/6213814. Epub 2017 Jul 27.
Cigarette smoking affects many organs. It causes vasoconstriction through activation of sympathetic nervous system which leads to elevation of blood pressure and reduction in glomerular filtration rate and filtration pressure. It also causes thickening of renal arterioles. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of microalbuminuria and accelerates progression of microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. Furthermore, it causes rapid loss of glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease patients. After kidney donation, these factors may be injurious to the solitary kidney. Kidney donors with history of cigarette smoking are prone to develop perioperative complications, pneumonia, and wound infection. Postkidney transplantation various stressors including warm and cold ischemia time, delayed graft function, and exposure to calcineurin inhibitors may result in poor graft function. Continuation of cigarette smoking in kidney transplant recipients will add further risk. In this review, we will specifically discuss the effects of cigarette smoking on normal kidneys, live kidney donors, and kidney transplant recipients. This will include adverse effects of cigarette smoking on graft and patient survival, cardiovascular events, rejection, infections, and cancers in kidney transplant recipients. Lastly, the impact of kidney transplantation on behavior and smoking cessation will also be discussed.
吸烟会影响多个器官。它通过激活交感神经系统导致血管收缩，进而引起血压升高、肾小球滤过率和滤过压降低。吸烟还会导致肾小动脉增厚。吸烟会增加微量白蛋白尿的风险，并加速微量白蛋白尿向大量白蛋白尿的进展。此外，吸烟会导致慢性肾病患者肾小球滤过率迅速下降。肾移植后，这些因素可能会对孤肾造成损害。有吸烟史的肾供体容易出现围手术期并发症、肺炎和伤口感染。肾移植后，包括热缺血和冷缺血时间、移植肾功能延迟以及接触钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂在内的各种应激源可能导致移植肾功能不佳。肾移植受者继续吸烟会增加进一步的风险。在本综述中，我们将具体讨论吸烟对正常肾脏、活体肾供体和肾移植受者的影响。这将包括吸烟对肾移植受者移植器官和患者生存、心血管事件、排斥反应、感染和癌症的不良影响。最后，还将讨论肾移植对行为和戒烟的影响。
