咖啡因对赌博行为和其他类型冲动性的影响。
Caffeine's influence on gambling behavior and other types of impulsivity.
机构信息
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
出版信息
Addict Behav. 2018 Jan;76:156-160. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.007. Epub 2017 Aug 12.
BACKGROUND
Young adulthood is a developmental period frequently associated with occurrence of impulsive behaviors including gambling. It is estimated that 73% of children and 87% of adults in the United States regularly use caffeine. Questions remain, however, concerning the role of caffeine in the development and maintenance of impulsive behaviors such as gambling.
METHODS
Sixty-one young adults with at least some degree of disordered gambling were recruited from two Mid-Western university communities in the United States using media advertisements. Caffeine intake over the preceding month was quantified using the Caffeine Use Questionnaire. Clinician rating scales, questionnaires, and cognitive tests germane to impulsivity were completed. Relationships between caffeine intake and demographic, gambling symptom, and neurocognitive measures were evaluated using the statistical technique of partial least squares (PLS).
RESULTS
Average weekly caffeine intake in the gamblers was 1218.5mg (a figure higher than previously reported in the general population). PLS yielded an optimal model with one latent factor, which explained 14.8% of variation in demographic/clinical/cognitive measures and 32.3% of variation in caffeine intake. In this model, higher caffeine intake was significantly associated with earlier age at first gambling, higher personality-related impulsiveness, more nicotine consumption, older age, and more impulsive decision-making.
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest a particularly strong relationship between caffeine intake, earlier age of first gambling, and certain types of impulsivity in gamblers. Providing education about healthy caffeine use may be especially valuable in gamblers. Future work should explore whether the relationship between caffeine use and gambling is due to a common predisposing factor (impulsive tendencies) or, rather, constitutes a form of self-medication in gamblers (or a means of sustaining gambling habits for longer).
背景
青年期是一个经常与冲动行为发生相关的发展阶段，包括赌博。据估计，美国有 73%的儿童和 87%的成年人经常摄入咖啡因。然而，关于咖啡因在冲动行为（如赌博）的发展和维持中的作用，仍存在一些问题。
方法
通过媒体广告，在美国的两个中西部大学社区招募了 61 名至少存在一定程度赌博障碍的年轻人。使用咖啡因使用问卷来量化前一个月的咖啡因摄入量。完成了与冲动相关的临床评定量表、问卷和认知测试。使用偏最小二乘法（PLS）统计技术评估咖啡因摄入量与人口统计学、赌博症状和神经认知测量之间的关系。
结果
赌博者的平均每周咖啡因摄入量为 1218.5mg（高于之前在普通人群中报告的数值）。PLS 产生了一个最佳模型，有一个潜在因素，解释了人口统计学/临床/认知测量中 14.8%的变化和咖啡因摄入量中 32.3%的变化。在这个模型中，较高的咖啡因摄入量与首次赌博的年龄较早、较高的人格相关冲动性、较高的尼古丁消耗、较年长和更冲动的决策显著相关。
结论
这些数据表明，在赌博者中，咖啡因摄入量、首次赌博的年龄较早以及某些类型的冲动之间存在特别强的关系。提供有关健康咖啡因使用的教育可能对赌博者特别有价值。未来的工作应该探讨咖啡因使用与赌博之间的关系是由于共同的易感性因素（冲动倾向）还是构成了赌博者的一种自我治疗（或维持更长时间的赌博习惯的一种手段）。
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