Dodge Christine, Coolidge Jessica, Cooperband Miriam, Cossé Allard, Carrillo Daniel, Stouthamer Richard
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
Otis Laboratory, USDA-APHIS, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA.
PeerJ. 2017 Aug 17;5:e3656. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3656. eCollection 2017.
The polyphagous shot hole borer and Kuroshio shot hole borer, two members of the species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are invasive ambrosia beetles that harbor distinct species of fungal symbionts. Together with the damage caused by gallery construction, these two phytopathogenic species are responsible for the emerging tree disease Fusarium dieback, which affects over 50 common tree species in Southern California. Host trees suffer branch dieback as the xylem is blocked by invading beetles and fungi, forcing the costly removal of dead and dying trees in urban areas. The beetles are also threatening natural riparian habitats, and avocado is susceptible to Fusarium dieback as well, resulting in damage to the avocado industries in California and Israel. Currently there are no adequate control mechanisms for shot hole borers. This paper summarizes efforts to find a suitable lure to monitor shot hole borer invasions and dispersal. Field trials were conducted in two counties in Southern California over a span of two years. We find that the chemical quercivorol is highly attractive to these beetles, and perform subsequent field experiments attempting to optimize this lure. We also explore other methods of increasing trap catch and effects of other potential attractants, as well as the deterrents verbenone and piperitone.
多食性射孔小蠹和黑潮射孔小蠹是物种复合体（鞘翅目：象甲科：小蠹亚科）的两个成员，它们是入侵性的食菌小蠹，携带不同种类的真菌共生体。除了蛀道建造造成的损害外，这两种植物病原物种还导致了新出现的树木疾病——镰刀菌枯死病，这种疾病影响了南加州50多种常见树种。寄主树木会出现枝条枯死，因为木质部被入侵的小蠹和真菌堵塞，这迫使城市地区花费高昂成本清除枯死和濒死的树木。这些小蠹还威胁着天然河岸栖息地，鳄梨也易受镰刀菌枯死病影响，导致加利福尼亚州和以色列的鳄梨产业受损。目前对于射孔小蠹没有足够的控制机制。本文总结了寻找合适诱饵以监测射孔小蠹入侵和扩散的工作。在南加州的两个县进行了为期两年的田间试验。我们发现化学物质栎醇对这些小蠹极具吸引力，并随后进行了田间实验以优化这种诱饵。我们还探索了增加诱捕量的其他方法以及其他潜在引诱剂的效果，以及驱避剂马鞭草烯酮和胡椒酮。
