Hilger Christiane, van Hage Marianne, Kuehn Annette
Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017 Aug 22;17(9):64. doi: 10.1007/s11882-017-0732-z.
Allergen extracts are still widely used in allergy diagnosis as they are regarded as sensitive screening tools despite the fact that they may lack some minor allergens. Another drawback of extracts is their low specificity, which is due to the presence of cross-reactive allergens. Progress in allergen identification has disclosed a number of allergenic molecules of homologous sequence and structure which are present in different animal species. This review summarizes recent advances in mammalian and fish allergen identification and focuses on their clinical relevance.
Serum albumins and parvalbumins are well-known animal panallergens. More recently several members of the lipocalin family were found to be cross-reactive between furry animals whereas in fish, additional allergens, enolase, aldolase and collagen, were found to be important and cross-reactive allergens. New epidemiological studies have analysed the prevalence and clinical relevance of mammalian and fish components. Primary sensitization can be distinguished from cross-sensitization by using marker allergens. Although substantial progress has been made in allergen identification, only few markers are commercially available for routine clinical practice.
变应原提取物仍广泛应用于变应性疾病诊断，尽管其可能缺乏一些次要变应原，但仍被视为敏感的筛查工具。提取物的另一个缺点是特异性低，这是由于存在交叉反应性变应原。变应原鉴定方面的进展揭示了不同动物物种中存在的许多具有同源序列和结构的变应原分子。本综述总结了哺乳动物和鱼类变应原鉴定的最新进展，并重点关注其临床相关性。
血清白蛋白和小清蛋白是众所周知的动物泛变应原。最近发现脂质运载蛋白家族的几个成员在多毛动物之间具有交叉反应性，而在鱼类中，发现烯醇化酶、醛缩酶和胶原蛋白等其他变应原是重要的交叉反应性变应原。新的流行病学研究分析了哺乳动物和鱼类成分的患病率及临床相关性。通过使用标记变应原可区分原发性致敏和交叉致敏。尽管在变应原鉴定方面取得了重大进展，但只有少数标记物可用于常规临床实践。
