Elekes Fruzsina, Varga Máté, Király Ildikó
Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
Br J Dev Psychol. 2017 Nov;35(4):609-622. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12201. Epub 2017 Aug 18.
It has been widely assumed that computing how a scene looks from another perspective (level-2 perspective taking, PT) is an effortful process, as opposed to the automatic capacity of tracking visual access to objects (level-1 PT). Recently, adults have been found to compute both forms of visual perspectives in a quick but context-sensitive way, indicating that the two functions share more features than previously assumed. However, the developmental literature still shows the dissociation between automatic level-1 and effortful level-2 PT. In the current paper, we report an experiment showing that in a minimally social situation, participating in a number verification task with an adult confederate, eight- to 9.5-year-old children demonstrate similar online level-2 PT capacities as adults. Future studies need to address whether online PT shows selectivity in children as well and develop paradigms that are adequate to test preschoolers' online level-2 PT abilities. Statement of Contribution What is already known on this subject? Adults can access how objects appear to others (level-2 perspective) spontaneously and online Online level-1, but not level-2 perspective taking (PT) has been documented in school-aged children What the present study adds? Eight- to 9.5-year-olds performed a number verification task with a confederate who had the same task Children showed similar perspective interference as adults, indicating spontaneous level-2 PT Not only agent-object relations but also object appearances are computed online by eight- to 9.5-year-olds.
人们普遍认为，计算一个场景从另一个视角看起来是什么样的（二级视角采择，PT）是一个费力的过程，这与追踪对物体的视觉通达的自动能力（一级PT）形成对比。最近，研究发现成年人能够以快速但依赖情境的方式计算这两种视觉视角形式，这表明这两种功能具有比之前所认为的更多的共同特征。然而，发展心理学文献仍然显示出自动的一级PT和费力的二级PT之间的分离。在本文中，我们报告了一项实验，该实验表明，在一个最低限度社交的情境中，即与一名成年同谋者一起参与一个数字验证任务时，8至9.5岁的儿童表现出与成年人相似的在线二级PT能力。未来的研究需要探讨在线PT在儿童中是否也具有选择性，并开发出足以测试学龄前儿童在线二级PT能力的范式。贡献声明关于这个主题已经知道了什么？成年人能够自发地且在线地了解物体在他人看来是什么样的（二级视角）在学龄儿童中已经记录了在线一级PT，但没有记录在线二级视角采择（PT）本研究增加了什么？8至9.5岁的儿童与有相同任务的同谋者一起进行数字验证任务儿童表现出与成年人相似的视角干扰，表明自发的二级PT8至9.5岁的儿童不仅在线计算施动者-物体关系，还在线计算物体外观。
