Ischemic stroke and heart failure: facts and numbers.

Heart failure (HF) is pandemic in the modern society. Comorbidities of HF come increasingly to the fore in today's patient presentation and demand multidisciplinary treatment concepts. Ischemic stroke is a major comorbidity in HF patients and frequently contributes to the adverse outcome and functional dependency. Patients with HF are two-fold to three-fold more likely to suffer an ischemic stroke, have more than two times higher mortality and show worse functional outcome after stroke compared with non-HF subjects. The risk of recurrent stroke is about two-fold elevated in patients with HF. The risk of stroke increased with time duration of HF from 18 per 100 cases in the first year of HF to 47 per 1000 patients within the next 4-5 years. Moreover, so called 'silent' strokes (clinically asymptomatic brain lesions) are two to four times more likely in HF patients. In turn, 10-24% of stroke patients have HF. Specific characteristics of the interaction between ischemic stroke and HF have been uncovered in recent years. However, gaps in present knowledge need to be addressed in future studies. What are the detailed pathophysiologic links beyond atrial fibrillation, stroke patterns, and time courses in the interaction? What implication has HF with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction? Does treatment of HF prevents ischemic stroke or reduces stroke-related sequelae? This editorial provides a condensed overview on current insights and presents facts and numbers on the interaction between heart failure and ischemic stroke.