Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa.
School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
Br J Sports Med. 2018 Aug;52(15):957-966. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096907. Epub 2017 Aug 23.
The Central Governor Model (CGM) ignited a paradigm shift from concepts of catastrophic failure towards central regulation of exercise performance. However, the CGM has focused on the central integration of afferent feedback in homeostatic control. Accordingly, it neglected the important role of volitional self-regulatory control and the integration of affective components inherently attached to all physiological cues. Another limitation is the large reliance on the Gestalt phenomenon of perceived exertion. Thus, progress towards a comprehensive multidimensional model of perceived fatigability and exercise regulation is needed. Drawing on Gate Control Theory of pain, we propose a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour, which differentiates between sensory, affective and cognitive processes shaping the perceptual milieu during exercise. We propose that: (A) perceived mental strain and perceived physical strain are primary determinants of pacing behaviour reflecting sensory-discriminatory processes necessary to align planned behaviour with current physiological state, (B) core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in exercise and performance regulation, and its underlying two dimensions hedonicity and arousal reflect affective-motivational processes triggering approach and avoidance behaviour, and (C) the mindset-shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in volitional self-regulatory control reflecting cognitive-evaluative processes between further goal-pursuit and goal-disengagement. The proposed framework has the potential to enrich theory development in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour by emphasising the multidimensional dynamic processes underpinning perceived fatigability and provides a practical outline for investigating the complex interplay between the psychophysiological determinants of pacing and performance during prolonged endurance exercise.
中央调控模型（CGM）引发了从灾难性故障概念向运动表现的中央调控转变。然而，CGM 主要关注自主反馈在体内平衡控制中的中央整合。因此，它忽略了意志自我调节控制的重要作用以及与所有生理线索内在相关的情感成分的整合。另一个限制是对感知用力的格式塔现象的高度依赖。因此，需要朝着感知疲劳和运动调节的综合多维模型取得进展。借鉴疼痛的门控控制理论，我们提出了一个中央调控和目标导向运动行为的三维框架，该框架区分了塑造运动期间感知环境的感觉、情感和认知过程。我们提出：（A）感知的心理压力和感知的身体压力是反映与当前生理状态对齐的计划行为所需的感觉辨别过程的 pacing 行为的主要决定因素，（B）核心情感在运动和表现调节中起着主要和中介作用，其潜在的两个维度愉悦度和唤醒度反映了触发接近和回避行为的情感动机过程，以及（C）与行动危机相关的心态转变在意志自我调节控制中起着主要作用，反映了进一步追求目标和脱离目标之间的认知评估过程。该框架有可能通过强调支撑感知疲劳的多维动态过程，丰富中央调控和目标导向运动行为的理论发展，并为研究长时间耐力运动期间 pacing 和表现的心理生理决定因素之间的复杂相互作用提供实用大纲。
