Foster Carl, de Koning Jos J, Hettinga Florentina J, Barroso Renato, Boullosa Daniel, Casado Arturo, Cortis Cristina, Fusco Andrea, Gregorich Halle, Jaime Salvador, Jones Andrew M, Malterer Katherine R, Pettitt Robert, Porcari John P, Pratt Cassie, Reinschmidt Patrick, Skiba Phillip, Splinter Annabel, St Clair Gibson Alan, St Mary Jacob, Thiel Christian, Uithoven Kate, van Tunen Joyce
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI,USA.
Vrije Universiteit-Amsterdam, Amsterdam,the Netherlands.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023 Feb 27;18(4):335-346. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0171. Print 2023 Apr 1.
Scientific interest in pacing goes back >100 years. Contemporary interest, both as a feature of athletic competition and as a window into understanding fatigue, goes back >30 years. Pacing represents the pattern of energy use designed to produce a competitive result while managing fatigue of different origins. Pacing has been studied both against the clock and during head-to-head competition. Several models have been used to explain pacing, including the teleoanticipation model, the central governor model, the anticipatory-feedback-rating of perceived exertion model, the concept of a learned template, the affordance concept, the integrative governor theory, and as an explanation for "falling behind." Early studies, mostly using time-trial exercise, focused on the need to manage homeostatic disturbance. More recent studies, based on head-to-head competition, have focused on an improved understanding of how psychophysiology, beyond the gestalt concept of rating of perceived exertion, can be understood as a mediator of pacing and as an explanation for falling behind. More recent approaches to pacing have focused on the elements of decision making during sport and have expanded the role of psychophysiological responses including sensory-discriminatory, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. These approaches have expanded the understanding of variations in pacing, particularly during head-to-head competition.
科学界对配速的兴趣可以追溯到100多年前。当代对配速的兴趣，无论是作为体育比赛的一个特征，还是作为理解疲劳的一个窗口，都可以追溯到30多年前。配速代表了一种能量使用模式，旨在产生竞争结果的同时管理不同来源的疲劳。配速已经在计时赛和面对面竞争中得到研究。有几种模型被用来解释配速，包括远距预期模型、中枢调节模型、预期反馈感知运动用力评分模型、学习模板概念、可供性概念、综合调节理论，以及作为“落后”的一种解释。早期的研究大多使用计时赛运动，重点关注管理内环境紊乱的必要性。最近基于面对面竞争的研究，重点在于更好地理解心理生理学如何，超越感知运动用力评分的整体概念，被理解为配速的调节因素以及落后的一种解释。最近的配速研究方法聚焦于运动过程中的决策要素，并扩大了心理生理反应的作用，包括感觉辨别、情感动机和认知评价维度。这些方法扩展了对配速变化的理解，尤其是在面对面竞争中。
