Brownscombe Jacob W, Cooke Steven J, Algera Dirk A, Hanson Kyle C, Eliason Erika J, Burnett Nicholas J, Danylchuk Andy J, Hinch Scott G, Farrell Anthony P
Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S, 5B6 Canada.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA.
Integr Comp Biol. 2017 Aug 1;57(2):281-292. doi: 10.1093/icb/icx012.
Wild animals maximize fitness through certain behaviors (e.g., foraging, mating, predator avoidance) that incur metabolic costs and often require high levels of locomotor activity. Consequently, the ability of animals to achieve high fitness often relies on their physiological capacity for exercise (aerobic scope) and/or their ability to acquire and utilize energy judiciously. Here, we explore how environmental factors and physiological limitations influence exercise and metabolism in fish while foraging, migrating to spawning grounds, and providing parental care. We do so with three case studies that use a number of approaches to studying exercise in wild fish using biologging and biotelemetry platforms. Bonefish (Albula vulpes) selectively use shallow water tropical marine environments to forage when temperatures are near optimal for aerobic scope and exercise capacity. Bonefish energy expenditure at upper thermal extremes is maximal while activity levels diminish, likely caused by reduced aerobic scope. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) reproductive migrations frequently involve passage through hydraulically challenging areas, and their ability to successfully pass these regions is constrained by their physiological capacity for exercise. Aerobic scope and swim performance are correlated with migration difficulty among sockeye salmon (O. nerka) populations; however, depletion of endogenous energy stores can also limit migration success. In another example, male smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) allocate a significant amount of energy to nest-guarding behaviors to protect their developing brood. Smallmouth bass body size, endogenous energy reserves, and physiological state influence nest-guarding behaviors and reproductive success. We suggest that in some scenarios (e.g., bonefish foraging, Pacific salmon dam passage) metabolic capacity for exercise may be the strongest determinant of biological fitness, while in others (e.g., long distance salmon migration, smallmouth bass parental care) energy stores may be more important. Interactions among environmental and ecological factors, fish behavior, and fish physiology offer important avenues of mechanistic inquiry to explain ecological dynamics and demonstrate how exercise is fundamental to the ecology of fish.
野生动物通过某些行为（如觅食、交配、躲避捕食者）来最大化适应性，这些行为会产生代谢成本，并且通常需要高水平的运动活动。因此，动物实现高适应性的能力往往依赖于它们的运动生理能力（有氧代谢范围）和/或明智地获取和利用能量的能力。在这里，我们探讨环境因素和生理限制如何在鱼类觅食、洄游到产卵地以及提供亲代抚育时影响其运动和代谢。我们通过三个案例研究来进行探讨，这些研究使用了多种方法，借助生物记录和生物遥测平台来研究野生鱼类的运动。北梭鱼（Albula vulpes）在温度接近有氧代谢范围和运动能力的最佳值时，会选择性地利用浅水热带海洋环境进行觅食。在温度上限时，北梭鱼的能量消耗达到最大值，而活动水平则下降，这可能是由于有氧代谢范围减小所致。太平洋鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus spp.）的生殖洄游经常涉及穿越水力条件具有挑战性的区域，它们成功通过这些区域的能力受到其运动生理能力的限制。在红大马哈鱼（O. nerka）种群中，有氧代谢范围和游泳表现与洄游难度相关；然而，内源性能量储备的耗尽也会限制洄游的成功。再举一个例子，雄性小口黑鲈（Micropterus dolomieu）会将大量能量分配到护巢行为中，以保护其发育中的幼鱼。小口黑鲈的体型、内源性能量储备和生理状态会影响护巢行为和繁殖成功率。我们认为，在某些情况下（如北梭鱼觅食、太平洋鲑鱼过坝），运动的代谢能力可能是生物适应性的最强决定因素，而在其他情况下（如鲑鱼的长距离洄游、小口黑鲈的亲代抚育），能量储备可能更为重要。环境和生态因素、鱼类行为以及鱼类生理之间的相互作用为解释生态动态以及证明运动如何对鱼类生态学至关重要提供了重要的机制探究途径。
