Merz Emily C, Landry Susan H, Montroy Janelle J, Williams Jeffrey M
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University.
Children's Learning Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
Soc Dev. 2017 Aug;26(3):591-609. doi: 10.1111/sode.12204. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
In this study, we examined bidirectional associations between parental responsiveness and executive function (EF) processes in socioeconomically disadvantaged preschoolers. Participants were 534 3- to 5-year-old children (71% Hispanic/Latino; 28% African American; 1% European American) attending Head Start programs. At Time 1 (T1) and 6.5 months later at Time 2 (T2), parents and children participated in a videotaped free play session and children completed delay inhibition (gift delay-wrap, gift delay-bow) and conflict EF (bear/dragon, dimensional change card sort) tasks. Parental warm acceptance, contingent responsiveness, and verbal scaffolding were coded from the free play videos and aggregated to create a parental responsiveness latent variable. A cross-lagged panel structural equation model indicated that higher T1 parental responsiveness significantly predicted more positive gain in delay inhibition and conflict EF from T1 to T2. Higher T1 delay inhibition, but not T1 conflict EF, significantly predicted more positive change in parental responsiveness from T1 to T2. These associations were not explained by several possible confounding variables, including children's age, gender, race/ethnicity, and verbal ability. Findings suggest that parental responsiveness may support EF development in disadvantaged children, with reciprocal effects of delay inhibition on parental responsiveness.
在本研究中，我们考察了社会经济条件不利的学龄前儿童的父母反应性与执行功能（EF）过程之间的双向关联。研究参与者为534名3至5岁儿童（71%为西班牙裔/拉丁裔；28%为非裔美国人；1%为欧洲裔美国人），他们均参加了启蒙计划项目。在时间1（T1）以及6.5个月后的时间2（T2），父母和孩子参与了一次录像的自由玩耍环节，孩子完成了延迟抑制任务（礼物延迟包装、礼物延迟系蝴蝶结）和冲突执行功能任务（熊/龙、维度变化卡片分类）。父母的温暖接纳、条件反应性和言语支架作用从自由玩耍视频中进行编码，并汇总以创建一个父母反应性潜在变量。一个交叉滞后面板结构方程模型表明，更高的T1父母反应性显著预测了从T1到T2在延迟抑制和冲突执行功能方面更积极的提升。更高的T1延迟抑制，而非T1冲突执行功能，显著预测了从T1到T2父母反应性更积极的变化。这些关联无法用几个可能的混杂变量来解释，包括孩子的年龄、性别、种族/民族和语言能力。研究结果表明，父母反应性可能支持处境不利儿童的执行功能发展，延迟抑制对父母反应性有相互影响。
