Stem cells in regenerative medicine - from laboratory to clinical application - the eye.

Stem cells are currently one of the most researched and explored subject in science. They consstitue a very promising part of regenerative medicine and have many potential clinical applications. Harnessing their ability to replicate and differentiate into many cell types can enable successful treatment of diseases that were incurable until now. There are numerous types of stem cells (e.g. ESCs, FSCs, ASCs, iPSCs) and many different methods of deriving and cultivating them in order to obtain viable material. The eye is one of the most interesting targets for stem cell therapies. In this article we summarise different aspects of stem cells, discussing their characteristics, sources and methods of culture. We also demonstrate the most recent clinical applications in ophthalmology based on an extensive current literature review. Tissue engineering techniques developed for corneal limbal stem cell deficiency, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are among those presented. Both laboratory and clinical aspects of stem cells are discussed.