Sobhy Haitham
Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
Arch Virol. 2017 Dec;162(12):3567-3585. doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3497-8. Epub 2017 Sep 2.
Viruses enter host cells via several mechanisms, including endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis. They can also fuse at the plasma membrane and can spread within the host via cell-to-cell fusion or syncytia. The mechanism used by a given viral strain depends on its external topology and proteome and the type of cell being entered. This comparative review discusses the cellular attachment receptors and entry pathways of dsDNA viruses belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) belonging to the families Ascoviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and Poxviridae, and giant viruses belonging to the families Mimiviridae and Marseilleviridae as well as the proposed families Pandoraviridae and Pithoviridae. Although these viruses have several common features (e.g., topology, replication and protein sequence similarities) they utilize different entry pathways to infect wide-range of hosts, including humans, other mammals, invertebrates, fish, protozoa and algae. Similarities and differences between the entry methods used by these virus families are highlighted, with particular emphasis on viral topology and proteins that mediate viral attachment and entry. Cell types that are frequently used to study viral entry are also reviewed, along with other factors that affect virus-host cell interactions.
病毒通过多种机制进入宿主细胞，包括内吞作用、巨吞饮作用和吞噬作用。它们也可以在质膜处融合，并可通过细胞间融合或多核体在宿主体内传播。特定病毒株所采用的机制取决于其外部拓扑结构和蛋白质组以及被侵入的细胞类型。这篇比较综述讨论了腺病毒科、杆状病毒科、疱疹病毒科的双链DNA病毒，以及属于阿斯福病毒科、非洲猪瘟病毒科、虹彩病毒科、藻DNA病毒科和痘病毒科的核质大DNA病毒（NCLDVs），还有属于米米病毒科和马赛病毒科的巨型病毒，以及拟议中的潘多拉病毒科和嗜皮病毒科的病毒的细胞附着受体和进入途径。尽管这些病毒有几个共同特征（如拓扑结构、复制和蛋白质序列相似性），但它们利用不同的进入途径来感染广泛的宿主，包括人类、其他哺乳动物、无脊椎动物、鱼类、原生动物和藻类。文中强调了这些病毒科所采用的进入方法之间的异同，特别关注介导病毒附着和进入的病毒拓扑结构和蛋白质。还综述了常用于研究病毒进入的细胞类型，以及影响病毒-宿主细胞相互作用的其他因素。
