Chen Yanfang, Scarcelli Vincent, Legouis Renaud
Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
Cells. 2017 Aug 30;6(3):27. doi: 10.3390/cells6030027.
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an intracellular degradative process, well conserved among eukaryotes. By engulfing cytoplasmic constituents into the autophagosome for degradation, this process is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy induction triggers the formation of a cup-shaped double membrane structure, the phagophore, which progressively elongates and encloses materials to be removed. This double membrane vesicle, which is called an autophagosome, fuses with lysosome and forms the autolysosome. The inner membrane of the autophagosome, along with engulfed compounds, are degraded by lysosomal enzymes, which enables the recycling of carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids. In response to various factors, autophagy can be induced for non-selective degradation of bulk cytoplasm. Autophagy is also able to selectively target cargoes and organelles such as mitochondria or peroxisome, functioning as a quality control system. The modification of autophagy flux is involved in developmental processes such as resistance to stress conditions, aging, cell death, and multiple pathologies. So, the use of animal models is essential for understanding these processes in the context of different cell types throughout the entire lifespan. For almost 15 years, the nematode has emerged as a powerful model to analyze autophagy in physiological or pathological contexts. This review presents a rapid overview of physiological processes involving autophagy in , the different assays used to monitor autophagy, their drawbacks, and specific tools for the analyses of selective autophagy.
巨自噬（以下简称自噬）是一种细胞内降解过程，在真核生物中高度保守。通过将细胞质成分吞噬到自噬体中进行降解，这一过程参与维持细胞内稳态。自噬诱导触发杯状双膜结构即吞噬泡的形成，吞噬泡逐渐伸长并包裹待清除的物质。这个被称为自噬体的双膜囊泡与溶酶体融合形成自溶酶体。自噬体的内膜连同被吞噬的化合物被溶酶体酶降解，从而实现碳水化合物、氨基酸、核苷酸和脂质的循环利用。响应各种因素，自噬可被诱导以对大量细胞质进行非选择性降解。自噬还能够选择性地靶向货物和细胞器，如线粒体或过氧化物酶体，起到质量控制系统的作用。自噬通量的改变涉及发育过程，如对压力条件的抗性、衰老、细胞死亡和多种病理状况。因此，使用动物模型对于在整个生命周期的不同细胞类型背景下理解这些过程至关重要。近15年来，线虫已成为在生理或病理背景下分析自噬的强大模型。本综述快速概述了线虫中涉及自噬的生理过程、用于监测自噬的不同检测方法、它们的缺点以及用于分析选择性自噬的特定工具。
