Department of Computer Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States.
Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California 94035, United States.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017 Oct 11;9(40):34544-34586. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b07063. Epub 2017 Sep 29.
Wearable electronics is expected to be one of the most active research areas in the next decade; therefore, nanomaterials possessing high carrier mobility, optical transparency, mechanical robustness and flexibility, lightweight, and environmental stability will be in immense demand. Graphene is one of the nanomaterials that fulfill all these requirements, along with other inherently unique properties and convenience to fabricate into different morphological nanostructures, from atomically thin single layers to nanoribbons. Graphene-based materials have also been investigated in sensor technologies, from chemical sensing to detection of cancer biomarkers. The progress of graphene-based flexible gas and chemical sensors in terms of material preparation, sensor fabrication, and their performance are reviewed here. The article provides a brief introduction to graphene-based materials and their potential applications in flexible and stretchable wearable electronic devices. The role of graphene in fabricating flexible gas sensors for the detection of various hazardous gases, including nitrogen dioxide (NO), ammonia (NH), hydrogen (H), hydrogen sulfide (HS), carbon dioxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO), and humidity in wearable technology, is discussed. In addition, applications of graphene-based materials are also summarized in detecting toxic heavy metal ions (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Ag), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including nitrobenzene, toluene, acetone, formaldehyde, amines, phenols, bisphenol A (BPA), explosives, chemical warfare agents, and environmental pollutants. The sensitivity, selectivity and strategies for excluding interferents are also discussed for graphene-based gas and chemical sensors. The challenges for developing future generation of flexible and stretchable sensors for wearable technology that would be usable for the Internet of Things (IoT) are also highlighted.
可穿戴电子有望成为未来十年最活跃的研究领域之一；因此，具有高载流子迁移率、光学透明度、机械坚固性和柔韧性、轻重量和环境稳定性的纳米材料将有巨大的需求。石墨烯是满足所有这些要求的纳米材料之一，具有其他固有独特的性质，并且易于制成不同形态的纳米结构，从原子级薄的单层到纳米带。基于石墨烯的材料也已经在传感器技术中得到了研究，从化学传感到癌症生物标志物的检测。本文综述了基于石墨烯的柔性气体和化学传感器在材料制备、传感器制造及其性能方面的进展。文章简要介绍了基于石墨烯的材料及其在柔性和可拉伸可穿戴电子设备中的潜在应用。讨论了石墨烯在制造用于检测各种危险气体（包括二氧化氮 (NO)、氨 (NH)、氢 (H)、硫化氢 (HS)、二氧化碳 (CO)、二氧化硫 (SO) 和湿度）的柔性气体传感器中的作用，用于可穿戴技术。此外，还总结了基于石墨烯的材料在检测有毒重金属离子（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Fe、Ni、Co、Cu、Ag）和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）包括硝基苯、甲苯、丙酮、甲醛、胺、酚、双酚 A (BPA)、爆炸物、化学战剂和环境污染物方面的应用。还讨论了基于石墨烯的气体和化学传感器的灵敏度、选择性和排除干扰物的策略。还强调了为可穿戴技术开发下一代灵活可拉伸传感器以用于物联网 (IoT) 所面临的挑战。
