1 Department of Psychology, University of Torino.
2 Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Psychol Sci. 2017 Oct;28(10):1490-1502. doi: 10.1177/0956797617714828. Epub 2017 Sep 6.
Evolutionary psychologists have proposed two processes that could give rise to the pervasiveness of human cooperation observed among individuals who are not genetically related: reciprocity and conformity. We tested whether reciprocity outperformed conformity in promoting cooperation, especially when these psychological processes would promote a different cooperative or noncooperative response. To do so, across three studies, we observed participants' cooperation with a partner after learning (a) that their partner had behaved cooperatively (or not) on several previous trials and (b) that their group members had behaved cooperatively (or not) on several previous trials with that same partner. Although we found that people both reciprocate and conform, reciprocity has a stronger influence on cooperation. Moreover, we found that conformity can be partly explained by a concern about one's reputation-a finding that supports a reciprocity framework.
互惠和从众。我们测试了互惠是否比从众更能促进合作，特别是当这些心理过程会促进不同的合作或非合作反应时。为此，我们在三项研究中观察了参与者在以下两种情况下与伙伴的合作情况：(a)他们的伙伴在之前的几次试验中表现出合作（或不合作）；(b)他们的小组成员在之前的几次与同一个伙伴的试验中表现出合作（或不合作）。尽管我们发现人们既会互惠，也会从众，但互惠对合作的影响更大。此外，我们发现，对声誉的关注可以部分解释从众行为，这一发现支持了互惠框架。
