Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00197, Italy.
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, C.N.R., Rome, Italy.
J Theor Biol. 2014 Mar 7;344:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.11.019. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Reciprocity is one of the most debated among the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the evolution of cooperation. While a distinction can be made between two general processes that can underlie reciprocation (within-pair temporal relations between cooperative events, and partner choice based on benefits received), theoretical modelling has concentrated on the former, while the latter has been often neglected. We developed a set of agent-based models in which agents adopted a strategy of obligate cooperation and partner choice based on benefits received. Our models tested the ability of partner choice both to reproduce significant emergent features of cooperation in group living animals and to promote the evolution of cooperation. Populations formed by agents adopting a strategy of obligate cooperation and partner choice based on benefits received showed differentiated "social relationships" and a positive correlation between cooperation given and received, two common phenomena in animal cooperation. When selection across multiple generations was added to the model, agents adopting a strategy of partner choice based on benefits received outperformed selfish agents that did not cooperate. Our results suggest partner choice is a significant aspect of cooperation and provides a possible mechanism for its evolution.
互惠是解释合作进化的机制中最受争议的机制之一。虽然可以区分两种可以作为互惠基础的一般过程（合作事件之间的个体内部时间关系，以及基于所获得利益的伙伴选择），但理论模型主要集中在前一种过程上，而后者往往被忽视。我们开发了一组基于主体的模型，其中主体采用强制性合作和基于收益的伙伴选择策略。我们的模型测试了伙伴选择在再现群体生活动物中合作的显著新兴特征以及促进合作进化方面的能力。采用强制性合作和基于收益的伙伴选择策略的主体形成的群体表现出不同的“社会关系”，以及给予和获得的合作之间的正相关，这是动物合作中的两个常见现象。当在多个世代中进行选择时，采用基于收益的伙伴选择策略的主体表现优于不合作的自私主体。我们的结果表明，伙伴选择是合作的一个重要方面，为其进化提供了一种可能的机制。
