Faseleh Jahromi Mohammad, Shokryazdan Parisa, Idrus Zulkifli, Ebrahimi Rohollah, Liang Juan Boo
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Malaysia.
PLoS One. 2017 Sep 7;12(9):e0184553. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184553. eCollection 2017.
Palm kernel cake (PKC) is the main byproduct from the palm oil industry in several tropical countries that contains considerable amounts of oligosaccharide. We earlier demonstrated beneficial prebiotic effects of oligosaccharides extract of PKC (OligoPKC) in starter and finisher broiler birds. This study was envisaged to elucidate the effects of in ovo and/or oral administration of the OligoPKC on prenatal and post-hatched broiler chicks. A total of 140 broiler (Cobb500) eggs were randomly divided into two groups (n = 70 each), and on day 12 of incubation, eggs in one group received in ovo injection of 0.1 mL (containing 20 mg) of OligoPKC, while those in the other group received 0.1 mL of saline (placebo) solution. Of these in ovo placebo or OligoPKC injected eggs, after hatching, six chicks from each group were sampled for day-one analysis, while 48 chicks from each group were randomly allocated to two dietary regimes involving either no feeding or feeding of OligoPKC through basal diet for a 14 days experiment forming the experimental groups as: (i) saline-injected (Control, C), (ii) OligoPKC-injected (PREBovo), (iii) saline-injected, but fed 1% OligoPKC (PREBd), and (iv) OligoPKC-injected and also 1% OligoPKC (PREBovo+d). In ovo injection of prebiotic OligoPKC had no effect on body weight and serum immunoglobulins concentrations of day old chicks, except for IgG, which was increased significantly (P<0.05). Body weight and feed conversion ratio of 14 days old chicks were neither affected by in ovo injection nor feeding of OligoPKC. However, populations of cecal total bacteria and major beneficial bacteria of the chicks were markedly enhanced by feeding of OligoPKC (PREBd and PREBovo+d > C and PREBovo), but lesser influenced by in ovo OligoPKC injection. Irrespective of its prior in ovo exposure, chicks fed OligoPKC diets had lower population of pathogenic bacteria. Overall serum immunoglobulin status of birds was improved by feeding of OligoPKC but in ovo OligoPKC injection had minor effect on that. In most cases, in ovo OligoPKC injection and feeding of OligoPKC reduced the expression of nutrient transporters in the intestine and improved antioxidant capacity of liver and serum. It is concluded that in ovo injection of OligoPKC increased IgG production and antioxidant capacity in serum and liver of prenatal chicks and had limited carrying-over effects on the post-hatched chicks comparing to the supplementary feeding of OligoPKC.
棕榈仁粕（PKC）是几个热带国家棕榈油产业的主要副产品，含有大量低聚糖。我们之前已证明棕榈仁粕低聚糖提取物（OligoPKC）对雏鸡和育成肉鸡具有有益的益生元效应。本研究旨在阐明在蛋内和/或口服给予OligoPKC对孵化前和孵化后的肉鸡雏鸡的影响。总共140枚肉鸡（科宝500）蛋被随机分为两组（每组n = 70），在孵化第12天，一组蛋接受蛋内注射0.1 mL（含20 mg）OligoPKC，而另一组接受0.1 mL生理盐水（安慰剂）溶液。在这些经蛋内安慰剂或OligoPKC注射的蛋孵化后，每组抽取6只雏鸡进行第1天的分析，同时每组48只雏鸡被随机分配到两种日粮处理方式，即不喂食或通过基础日粮喂食OligoPKC，进行为期14天的实验，形成以下实验组：（i）注射生理盐水（对照组，C），（ii）注射OligoPKC（蛋内预饲组，PREBovo），（iii）注射生理盐水，但喂食1% OligoPKC（日粮预饲组，PREBd），以及（iv）注射OligoPKC且喂食1% OligoPKC（蛋内预饲+日粮预饲组，PREBovo+d）。蛋内注射益生元OligoPKC对1日龄雏鸡的体重和血清免疫球蛋白浓度没有影响，但IgG显著增加（P<0.05）。14日龄雏鸡的体重和饲料转化率既不受蛋内注射OligoPKC的影响，也不受喂食OligoPKC的影响。然而，喂食OligoPKC（PREBd和PREBovo+d组>C组和PREBovo组）可显著提高雏鸡盲肠总细菌和主要有益细菌的数量，但蛋内注射OligoPKC的影响较小。无论雏鸡之前是否在蛋内接触过OligoPKC，喂食含OligoPKC日粮的雏鸡体内病原菌数量都较低。喂食OligoPKC可改善鸡的整体血清免疫球蛋白状态，但蛋内注射OligoPKC对此影响较小。在大多数情况下，蛋内注射OligoPKC和喂食OligoPKC可降低肠道中营养物质转运蛋白的表达，并提高肝脏和血清的抗氧化能力。研究得出结论，与补充喂食OligoPKC相比，蛋内注射OligoPKC可增加产前雏鸡血清和肝脏中IgG的产生以及抗氧化能力，对孵化后雏鸡的持续影响有限。
